Wednesday, December 25, 2019

The Influence of Social Media - 1867 Words

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES AND LITERATURE Local Related Literature Social networks gave a big help to everyone, especially among the students businessman and other members of the society. Social networks has different features that may enjoy by the people all around the world, what the problem is, people loses their self-control in using them. Facebook is the most popular social networking site today wherein people may share and upload videos, pictures, messages and chat. Twitter is also famous to every people nowadays wherein people can share their feelings, thoughts and ideas. Through twitter, they can easily be connected to their favorite celebrities and they can also be updated on what is trend all†¦show more content†¦For some people, computers are considered vital on a daily basis. This had cause to many people become computer addicts to this great service. Now, we see almost in every social places providing Wi-Fi service. Also, with all the great technology now days we no longer have to carry a laptop to places to use the internet, phones have immense technology access. Currently, people can use their phones to update their social page. Also people who have some level of social addiction like or find pretty interesting and getting to know everything about their friends through the monitors of their computer s and cell phones. Hanging out with friends was not often considered by teens. Many people became addicted to social networks due to the fact that it is very popular among not only young people but adult people too. It is also an easy access to communicate, and it is entertaining. Although, its important purpose to people is to keep in touch with their family, friends, and old friends that one may have lost touch with. Addiction to these internet websites became a problem once it starts to affect their daily life. According to Pamaoukaghion (2055-2010) Social Network Addiction was first known as a psychological disorder around the world, also internet addiction lead to social network addiction. According to Young (2009) Social Networking can be compare as the same as being addicted to drugsShow MoreRelatedSocial Influences Of Social Media718 Words   |  3 PagesInfluence of Social Media Nowadays, social media has a big influence in our society. Who is didn’t use social media? Almost everyone use Social Media. Indonesia ranked 6th as the most Social Media users. After China, US, India, Brazil, and Japan. Our teenagers are so active in social media. Maybe they could be online in social media almost 24-hours per-day. But there’s a good and bad effects of social media. So, there’s some of bad and good effects of social media that we will discuss here. PeopleRead MoreSocial Influence Of Social Media2119 Words   |  9 Pages Section I: social influence Social media is affecting the studies; it is a big social influence on the study in these days. There are different thoughts about the influence of the social media on studies, but this is a fact that this has a big influence on studies and the ways of studies. It is being argued that the social media has changed traditional and face to face teaching methods and introducing the distance learning. It is great influence social media that it is changing the traditionalRead MoreThe Media s Influence On Social Media1588 Words   |  7 Pagesresult of media consumption. Social media is an ever-growing and fast developing means of communication in society, and with the vast amount of new technology constantly transforming on the market, the empowered consumer is just a click away from accessing almost anything. The internet itself has opened up a new spectrum and has trained us to expect to gain information on demand at any time and from anywhere. talk about facebook more a bit ---- This essay considers how empowered media audiencesRead MoreMedia s Influence On Social Media1433 Words   |  6 Pagesworld of media has been a tradition and a necessity for me since I was a young girl. Television channels like Nickelodeon, Disney, and MTV have become popular and innovative television channels that consistently develops creative and interactive ways to consume media messages. By watching broadcasting programs and television series, I learn something new or valuable that I can then impress upon to someone else. This connectivity and deeper understanding I have to television production and media haveRead MoreInfluences Of Social Media Essay1082 Words   |  5 Pagestechnology. As a result of society’s heavy reliance on technology, social media has become popular amongst people who are â€Å"technologically advanced.† Though there is a wide variety of social sites that can be accessed through modern day technology, a few have become very popular. Soci al sites which have become widely popular among teens include Instagram, Tumblr, and Snapchat. These social networking sites provide instant social connection and emotional support while letting teens post and send picturesRead MoreThe Negative Influence Of Social Media843 Words   |  4 Pagesfrom a coworker, or perhaps an update from a social media site. Any of these alerts or notifications may be important, but it is the update from social media that possibly has the largest effect. When it comes to America, a great majority of the population is active on social media; 65 percent of American adults use a social networking site (Perrin, 2015). When it comes to teenagers, 73 percent of American teens are involved in the use of social media (Lenhart, Purcell, Smith, Zickhur, 2010). OnRead MoreSocial Media Influence On A Business Essay1018 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction It is common amongst many to assume that social media marketing can only be beneficial to a business. Although in many cases it is very beneficial, there are some notable disadvantages that are worth addressing. Think of a successful business’s social media presence as a professional athlete, for example. To the eyes of the fan, a professional athlete can make his craft look seemingly effortless. What is often masked by such perception, though, is the amount of time and effort put intoRead MoreInfluence Of Social Media Marketing Essay1584 Words   |  7 PagesThe use of social media marketing has in Bahrain has exploded over the years as a significant percentage of the demographic users have adopted the mainstream avenues. The latter is inclusive of Facebook, twitter, Instagram, Google+, YouTube, LinkedIn, and so forth. The term social media denotes a wide range of communication, sharing, and communication tools that undergo continuous change and development. On the other hand, Social media marketing refers to the process of acquiring traffic and attractingRead MoreSocial Media Has On Food Influences926 Words   |  4 Pagesbillboards, but in the last few years, social media has flooded the Internet through computers and cellular phones. Consequently, advertisement companies are not the only ones using social media (e.g. Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram) but people in general are also using it as an announcement tool by continually checking in the foods they are eating (posting pictures) and the restaurants they are in. Nevertheless to say, nobody projected the immense influences this technology has implemented on foodRead MoreSocial Media Influences Thoughts And Morality1350 Words   |  6 PagesFinal Essay: Social Media Influences Thoughts and Morality In today’s society you can keep up to date with current information, due to social media. While also keeping in touch with family and friends around the world. Going through their updates, and generating likes. These likes could be the individual’s post about their life events, vacation, or simply just their opinions. It’s these post that are structuring the way we think, as we read their post, and press that like button. Even if we do

Tuesday, December 17, 2019

The Face Of The Hiv Epidemic Essay - 1498 Words

The face of the HIV epidemic has changed. People ages 50 and older now represent the fastest growing segment of HIV positive adults in the United States (Sankar et al, 2011). A workshop on HIV Infection and Aging estimated that by 2015, adults aged 50 and older will make up approximately 50% of all HIV/AIDS in the U.S. (Effros et al, 2008). Factors, including decreased efficiency of the immune system and decreased likelihood that older adults have been tested for HIV, increase the vulnerability of older adults to HIV transmission (Hillman Broderick, 2002; Solomon, 1996). Older adults with HIV diagnosed later in life deal with a different mix of social isolation than their younger peers. The added stigmas of aging and contracting HIV through sexual activity keeps many older adults from admitting to their status or talking about their behavior openly (Cahill Valadez, 2013). As the aging population tends to be viewed as asexual, doctors rarely assess for HIV risk factors let alone screen for the infection (Oyieng’o Bradley, 2010). Symptoms of the infection are also mistaken for other serious diseases commonly found in elderly persons (Oyieng’o Bradley, 2010). HIV also increases the speed of aging on the body, weakening the immune system (Zhao et al, 2011). Infectious diseases have the potential to spread exponentially, and practitioners should remember that even if only one case of HIV is prevented, an intervention can translate into the prevention of many more casesShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Hiv On A Healthy Lifestyle1553 Words   |  7 Pagesindividuals who have contracted HIV, there are certain steps a person can take to live a healthy lifestyle. Most people assume that after a person has contracted HIV, then it is over and there is nothing that person can do. It is true that the HIV virus does not have a cure, but it does not mean that people have to let the virus consume them by thinking there is nothing they can do. If the individual found out early the HIV virus was in their body, they can go to a HIV medical care and receive â€Å"antiretroviral†Read MoreHiv Prevention Among The Usa1285 Words   |  6 PagesHIV Prevention amongst Minorities in the USA PROBLEM Human immunodeficiency virus better known as HIV, is a virus that attacks the body’s immune system. The virus specifically attacks the CD4 cells (T cells), which helps the immune system fight off infections. Overtime, HIV can destroy so many of these cells that body can’t fight off infections and diseases. HIV cannot be cured but it can be controlled with proper treatment and medical care (â€Å"What is HIV/AIDS?†). According to the Center for DiseaseRead MoreHiv / Aids : Growing Epidemic Among African Americans1607 Words   |  7 PagesHIV/AIDS the growing epidemic among African Americans April Hampton Excelsior College ILSE SILVA-KROTT October 11, 2015 Abstract In my studies I have found that HIV/AIDS is one of the largest growing epidemics among African American’s. Along with the stigmas individuals have to face, there lay the unspoken thought process of â€Å"It wouldn’t or couldn’t happen to me†. Poverty, severe drug abuse, unprotected sex, and lack of education are just a few contributing factors toRead MoreHiv / Aids : A Huge Complication Around The World1562 Words   |  7 PagesHIV/AIDS in Russia versus South Africa HIV/AIDS is becoming a huge complication around the world. More and more countries that are not commonly known to have an issue with AIDS/HIV are developing epidemics. It is common knowledge that South Africa struggles with an HIV/AIDS epidemic, but a lesser known country affected would be Russia. The epidemic spread in Russia because of drug users, prostitutes, and cultural shame. It spread in South Africa because of African men’s refusal to use condoms andRead MoreThe Effects of HIV Related Stigma 790 Words   |  3 PagesFor nearly three decades, the world has struggled to control the HIV/AIDS epidemic. The fact is that poor understanding of the related issues of stigma, discrimination and denial has hampered national and international programs. (3,4,5) HIV/AIDS is not merely a medical problem, but a social problem as well (1). Stigma and discrimination are as central to the global AIDS challenge as the disease itself. (2) HIV-related stigma and discrimination can be described as a devaluating process of PLWHA whereRead MoreHealth Issues in Africa1611 Words   |  7 Pagespublic concerns are HIV/AIDS, malaria, smoking related disease, and tuberculosis, just to name a few of them but all of which affect the non-white population more than the white; apart form these. HIV/AIDS in Africa The rise of sickness in Africa today is mainly caused by HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is the virus that causes AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome). AIDS is the number one killer in African society today. As many as 5.7 million people were living with HIV and AIDS in SouthRead More28 Stories of AIDS in Africa, by Stephanie Nolen1022 Words   |  5 PagesAIDS in Africa in 2007. 28 is Nolen’s attempt to reflect the 28 million Africans who had HIV in 2007. Nolen gathered the testimonies of 28 individuals including orphans, miners, grandmothers, soldiers, the clergy, and Nelson Mandela. In this book, Nolen seamlessly integrates personal stories of the victims with shocking statistics and engrossing quotes, effortlessly bring a ‘human face’ to the HIV/AIDS epidemic. This is a great piece of work demanding both empathy and immediate action. The issuesRead MoreSpread Of Hiv / Aids1574 Words   |  7 PagesThe Spread of HIV/AIDs in Sub-Saharan Africa Sub-Saharan Africa has been singled out as having the most serious HIV epidemic in the world. There is need to curb the spread of HIV in the continent by leveraging the knowledge and skills necessary to understand the factors responsible for the spread of the disease. This paper attempts to investigate the risk factors involved in the spread of HIV and how to reduce HIV prevalence regardless of these risks factors. The paper then goes a step further andRead MoreHiv / Aids : Hiv And Aids1484 Words   |  6 Pagescountry have arisen. One current issue South Africa is currently facing is HIV/AIDS. The disease has been plaguing South Africa as well as other countries throughout the continent. The initialism HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus. This disease attacks and destroys the infection-fighting CD4 cells of the immune system. Loss of these cells makes it difficult for the body to fight infections. Without treatment, HIV can gradually destroy the immune system and advance to AIDS. Human immunodeficiencyRead MoreDva 15011489 Words   |  6 Pages1501 Two-thirds of all people infected with HIV live in sub-Saharan Africa, although this region contains little more than 10% of the world’s population. AIDS has caused immense human suffering in the continent. The most obvious effect of this crisis has been illness and death, but the impact of the epidemic has certainly not been confined to the health sector; households, schools, workplaces and economies have also been badly affected. As the HIV prevalence of a country rises, the strain placed

Monday, December 9, 2019

Commercial Law Assignment free essay sample

Individual Assignment Weightage 30% Submission Deadline TBA Word Limit 1200 to 1500 words Question 1 D advertised his car for sale for $40,000 in the newspapers. E saw the advertisement and went to D’s house with a cheque for $40,000. D refused to accept the cheque and E stated that he would sue D for breach of contract. The next day, F inspected the car and later wrote to D enclosing a cheque for $40,000 saying that if he hears no more about it, he will assume the car to be his. G also inspected the car and was told by D that he would not sell for three days to another purchaser. One day later, H arrived with $38,000 cash and D accepted the money and allowed H to drive the car away. Advise D of his liabilities (if any). (20 marks) Question 2 a) A was a seaman on board a passenger cruise ship from Singapore to Hong Kong. We will write a custom essay sample on Commercial Law: Assignment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page During a stopover at Vietnam, two seamen were arrested for drug possession, and detained pending trial in Vietnam. The ship had to depart leaving the two seamen to face trial in Vietnam. The captain promised the crew that the wages of the detained seamen would be divided equally if they worked hard to bring the ship to its destination, Hong Kong. When the ship reached Hong Kong, the captain refused to honour his promise. Advise A if he can enforce the promise against the captain. (5 marks) b) Would your answer be different if 10 seamen had been arrested and detained? (5 marks)

Sunday, December 1, 2019

Tabula rasa Essay Essay Example

Tabula rasa Essay Paper Empiricism is the position that all cognition comes from experience whatever is the head got at that place through the senses. Locke was an empiricist who held that the head was tabula rasa or a clean slate at birth to be written upon by centripetal experience. Empiricism is opposed to rationalism or the position that mental thoughts and cognition exist in the head anterior to see that there are abstract or unconditioned thoughts. George Berkeley argued against rationalism and philistinism. He besides criticized Locke on many points. He said most philosophers make an premise that has no cogent evidence of the being of affair. Berkley questioned the illation that material things cause our centripetal experience or that our centripetal experience is material things. Berkeley originally wondered if we as worlds really experience an object as it truly was. or was what we physically saw. The materialist feels that the information received through sense experience gives a representative image of the outside universe and one can non perforate to the true kernel of an object†¦ We will write a custom essay sample on Tabula rasa Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Tabula rasa Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Tabula rasa Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Although the thought is logical. it does incorporate certain anchoring for agnosticism. John Locke claimed that primary qualities are those that exist within the organic structure of an object and exterior of our perceptual experience. He believed they are inseparable from organic structure and his list consisted of gesture. majority. figure. figure. and texture. Primary qualities are those qualities. which are present in the object itself. such as extension. Secondary qualities are merely present in the spectator. such as colour. In a universe in which there are no animate beings with colour vision. there are still objects that reflect visible radiations of assorted wavelengths. but there is no being that would construe those moving ridges as â€Å"color. He supported his definition of primary qualities by claiming that if an object were continuously divided. the primary qualities would stay the same. However. he suggested that secondary qualities were merely powers that the object has to do us to hold thoughts about its colour. odor. gustatory sensation. sound etc. These secondary qualities depend on and therefore can be altered by changing primary qualities. as they do non really be within the object. nor do they be independently of our heads. Primary qualities are instantly seeable in the object. while secondary qualities require our centripetal system to react to the primary qualities of an object foremost. Therefore Locke claims that â€Å"primary qualities are nonsubjective ; whereas. secondary qualities are contingent on perception† Locke did non believe that there was anything innate in anyone and that all constructs. thoughts. and ideas were the consequence of centripetal experience. Harmonizing to Locke. there is no such thing as innate cognition. Berkeley besides shows that the sensed qualities of an object are thoughts that exist merely in a head since esthesiss are the same as thoughts ; worlds can merely hold one thought at one time. On the other manus. God’s head is infinite and is therefore able to hold multiple perceptual experiences. These perceptual experiences of God are besides thoughts. and it follows that these thoughts comprise the world beheld in the finite human head. Alternatively of the materialists’ belief in the representative theory of perceptual experience. where a stuff object has existent qualities which worlds perceive as reasonable qualities. Locke had retained a certain religion in the capacity of the human head to hold on. nevertheless amiss. the general lineations of an external universe by agencies of uniting operations. With Berkeley. there had been no necessary stuff footing for experience. though the head had retained a certain independent religious power derived from God’s head. and the universe experienced by the head derived its order from the same beginning. Berkeley’s theory is that God upholds all of the thoughts. which comprise human world. and people perceive these thoughts as esthesiss straight from God’s infinite head. Berkeley besides denied the being of what are called abstract objects â€Å"universals† and â€Å"forms† or â€Å"ideas. † For case. if person said that inflammation exists apart from any ruddy thing or that goodness exists apart from any good action or individual. so he is stating that inflammation and goodness exist as independent entities. For Berkeley this is impossible. since nil that is non being perceived can be. The thought of inflammation without a ruddy thing or goodness without a good action is a nonsensical thought. every spot every bit much as affair without a esthesis of it. Locke is an empiricist while Berkeley is an dreamer. but Locke’s most important thought is that the human head begins as a clean slate ( tabula rasa ) . which is written on thru the class of his or her experiences and instruction. He did raise of import inquiries. and created a duologue that led to better theories.

Tuesday, November 26, 2019

UN Member essays

UN Member essays As a UN member, I must make choices that will be beneficial to not only one nation, but also the entire world. Many of the decisions made will impact the future of the world. The topics being discussed are Torture, AIDS, Death Penalty, and extreme poverty. These topics have been top national concerns for many nations, they affect many aspects of the way their people live their lives. Everything from the food they eat to the economy they bare, these topics have will affect everyones lives. Torture has become recent news in Iraq. Many Iraqis have been put into jails, where only until recently has it become uncovered that they were beaten and abused. Lawyers from the Bush administration have said that the Geneva Convention did not protect the Iraqi Prisoners because they were yet to be declared prisoners of war (rediff.com). So far the Iraqi prisoners have been labeled detainees, therefore they are incapable of using the Geneva Convention, which protects prisoners of war. As of now, the only prisoner of war is Saddam Hussein. According to the same lawyers, they are not even protected under any international treaties, or rules of war (msnbc.com). Al Queda and the Taliban have gained the title of outlaws, since they have employed methods that contradict the rules of war and they have no care for international borders. Therefore they are not protected by any laws, which defend the rights of the people. Yet at the same time, an UN expert of Human Rights has declared the freedom from torture and cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment as non-derogable rights. Since the prisoners are still covered under the protection of the Fourth Geneva Convention, they had the right to the protection guaranteed by the law. In a Justice Department memo, written for the CIA late in the fall of 2001, put an extremely narrow interpretation on the international anti-torture convention, allowing the agency to use a whol...

Saturday, November 23, 2019

Hurt Love Quotes

Hurt Love Quotes When a heart breaks, it screams out in pain. You may not hear an audible  cry, but the silence is deafening. Betrayal is a bitter pill. The bitterness lingers, stifling out happiness and peace. Have you been hurt in love? Did you encounter a bad breakup or betrayal? Do you feel unloved? You are not alone. Many people have experienced nasty heartbreak. Many spend their entire life nursing the wound, and never daring to love again. People who were betrayed are wary of relationships. They shy away from commitment and companionship. Heartbroken lovers build an impenetrable shell around themselves. They yearn for true love but do not want to take a risk. This negative approach leaves them desolate. The passion finds its vent in other ways. Some turn workaholic; others find solace in various forms of addiction. On the surface, they may appear normal, but deep inside they are hurting. So, how do you mend a broken heart? How do you bounce back from a broken relationship? Is it possible to find love? The truth is that broken hearts can be mended. It depends on your attitude. If you allow the hurt to affect your psyche, the damage can be irreparable. However, if you prevent the hurt from damaging your spirit, you can bounce back. It is important that you forgive yourself, and accept the breakup as an important milestone. Cherish the wonderful memories and move on. Life has plenty of wonderful opportunities in store. You can utilize those opportunities only if you choose to move on. Look back with fondness, not with regret. Dont carry the burden of remorse in your heart. If you can recognize the manifestations of hurt, you can heal quickly. Hurt often manifests itself in rage. In Vanna Bontas words, Anger is a wound gone mad. She rightly correlated hurt with uncontrolled anger. If you appreciate the wisdom in her words, you can check your anger. Quotes for a Hurting Heart To help cope with hurt, here are some hurt love quotes. While some of the quotes encourage you to pick up the threads and start afresh, others help ease the pain. T. E. KalemA final comfort that is small, but not cold: The heart is the only broken instrument that works. Steve MaraboliA broken heart bleeds tears. Vanna BontaAnger is a wound gone mad. Christina Georgina RossettiBetter by far you should forget and smile than that you should remember and be sad. Dennis BrownCertain songs by hearing the rhythm, it tells you that is either a love song or you might be heartbroken or the songs give you the vibes and you just know that certain songs are militant that you have to write. Jennifer AnistonThe greater your capacity to love, the greater your capacity to feel the pain. Kahlil GibranThe silence that guards the tomb does not reveal Gods secret in the obscurity of the coffin, and the rustling of the branches whose roots suck the bodys elements do not tell the mysteries of the grave, by the agonized sighs of my heart announce to the living the drama which love, beauty, and death have performed. Amanda Howells, The Summer of Skinny DippingThe surest way to hurt yourself is to give up on love, just because it didnt work out the first time. OshoThis pain is not to make you sad, remember. Thats where people go on missing. This pain is just to make you more alert because people become alert only when the arrow goes deep into their heart and wounds them. Otherwise they dont become alert. When life is easy, comfortable, convenient, who cares? Who bothers to become alert? When a friend dies, there is a possibility. When your woman leaves you alone those dark nights, you are lonely. You have loved that woman so much and you have staked all, and then suddenly one day she is gone. Crying in your loneliness, those are the occasions when, if you use them, you can become aware. The arrow is hurting: it can be used. The pain is not to make you miserable, the pain is to make you more aware! And when you are aware, misery disappears. Holly BlackThose who really love you dont mean to hurt you and if they do, you cant see it in their eyes but it hurts them too. Mary Manin MorrisseyWe take a risk when we open our hearts because the truth is, if we open our hearts, we will get hurt. You cant open your heart and not have some hurt because youre in a human experience. Even if its the love of your life and you have many wonderful, deepening, growing, powerful years together, its a human experience and that person will pass over. Love takes courage. Be courageous. Marian Keyes, The Other Side of the StoryWhy cant we love the right people? What is so wrong with us that we rush into situations to which we are manifestly unsuited, which will hurt us and others? Why are we given emotions which we cannot control and which move in exact contradiction to what we really want? we are walking conflicts, internal battles on legs. Britney SpearsWith love, you should go ahead and take the risk of getting hurt, because love is an amazing feeling. Algernon Charles SwinburneYet leave me not; yet, if thou wilt, be free;/Love me no more, but love my love of thee. JavanLove can sometimes be magic. But magic can sometimes just be an illusion. Michael ToddLove hurts more than hate. Anais NinLove never dies a natural death. It dies because we dont know how to replenish its source. It dies of blindness and errors and betrayals. It dies of illness and wounds; it dies of weariness, of withering, of tarnishing. Ashleigh BrilliantThe difference between friendship and love is how much you can hurt each other. Uniek SwainThe flame of love is now just a cold loneliness. William W. PurkeyYouve gotta dance like theres nobody watching, Love like youll never be hurt, Sing like theres nobody listening, And live like its heaven on earth.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Piety and Impiety Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Piety and Impiety - Essay Example Eve was created from Adams ribs. She was persuasive because finally she made Adam took the forbidden fruit. Secondly, another women depicted in the bible was Ruth. Ruth was Orpah’s sister, and she was her sister in law. Both were the daughters of king Eglon of Moab. Ruth was a member of a royal family. The Hebrews scripture shows Ruth as a loyal woman towards Naomi in her charitable work. She was a modesty woman. Ruth followed each instruction she got from Naomi. When she joined the people of Israel, she was working in the field of Boaz. â€Å"When he saw that she was pleasing and her actions were pleasing, he began to ask about her† 1(Ruth Rabbah 4:9), Boaz took note of her deeds as clearly shown in the bible. Ruth is generally someone who is has an exemplary figure in all traditions aspects. Someone who accepted the Jews religion in her own will due to her belief but not merely out of loyalty to her mother in law. Ruth’s character is based on commitment that sh e makes to Naomi. Ruth also acted like a man in some point to hide her identity â€Å"she girded her loins as a man† (Ruth Rabbah 7:2). According to the bible, Job’s wife cursed and left him when job was in need but that was not the end of the story. Could it be possible that love conquered all? Jobs wife always gets little grace and mercy when she advises Job to curse God. She was struggling in her faith having just lost ten children and all their property. â€Å"The odyssey† by homer is an epic poem is talking about Odysseus’ going back to his wife and son in Ithica after Trojan War. Women play a big role in this epic poem. Odysseus son, Telemachus tries to gain power in the presence of suitors but he did not succeed. He then goes his own way under the guidance of Athena. Throughout the epic poem women are depicted as people who are mothers, servants, seductresses, some have combined character. The cultural role of women stands out in the role of female characters of Athena and Penelope together rejecting the bad characters of Calypso and Circe, as in the odyssey in the Homer. As shown in bible some women like Ruth, Eve and Jobs wife were also having the same characters. These women seemed to have control over their men. Mothers were portrayed in this poem are seen as people who had pity and sorrow because they were not true supporters of their sons and husbands during the time of war. Actually, these women needed support from males whether they were their husbands and sons. Telemachus removed Penelope from the room, so that he can show his suitors of his intention to ask for his father’s throne. In addition, Anticlea, Odysseus’ mother committed suicide because she missed Odysseus and thought was death clearly shows how these women needed support from male. Mothers always needed to protect their sons and husbands, look after them, and nurture them. Like Hebrew Scriptures, the entire structure of Greek always boasts i ts men to have more superior roles than women. They believed that good women were to be faithfully do work for their husbands and support them totally. Women were not to astray from these essential behaviors. For example Athena is a very strong character in the book, as tried to help Odysseus to go back home to Ithaca. However, Telemechus was to become more of a man. Therefore, Athena goes to visit Telemachus, disguised as a male mentor. This shows how men advice was more accepted that of women counsel.

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

To what extent do cultural differences alter understandings of Essay

To what extent do cultural differences alter understandings of injustice and approaches to justice - Essay Example Before embarking upon the topic under study, it would be appropriate to define culture. Culture is the amalgamation of religious belief system, cult, social norms, values, mores, customs, traditions and conventions. Language, art, literature, festivals, folkways, food, dressing, writings, music, dance, thought and philosophy also come under the fold of culture. â€Å"Culture is†, Macionis submits, â€Å"the values, beliefs, behavior, and material objects that together form a peoples’ way of life. Culture includes what we think, how we act, and what we own.† (2007: p 60) Hence, culture is not specific to one single era only; rather, it maintains its roots in ancient past, branches of which seek their way in future centuries to come. Since cultural patterns vary from one region to the other, the values, norms and traditions also observe imperative divergence in them. A tradition, thought to be complying and pleasing in one set up, may be offensive, ridiculous and annoying within the framework of some other. For instance, shaking of hands with the colleagues of the opposite gender is a common thing in the west, and is viewed as a part of interaction, but the same is considered very awkward and indecent in the East, particularly in Muslim states and India. Similarly, intimate relationship among the males are viewed as a sign of sincerity and friendship in Asian countries, while the same act is suspected as homosexual aptitude in some parts of Africa and western Europe. â€Å"Differences between people†, Encina (2007) notes, â€Å"within any given nation or culture are much greater than differences between groups. Education, social standing, religion, personality, belief structure, past experience, affectio n shown in the home, and a myriad of other factors will affect human behavior and culture.† (Quoted incnr.berkeley.edu) Thus, cultural values develop the tastes and decide intellectual thoughtfulness of the individuals belonging to that

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Global Smart Classroom Market Essay Example for Free

Global Smart Classroom Market Essay Classrooms that are technology-enabled are known as smart classrooms. These classrooms are equipped with hardware and software that enhance learning and improve the dissemination of knowledge. Smart classrooms have transformed teaching from a traditional process to an advanced learning process by using an array of audio-visual tools that allow teachers to demonstrate and communicate easily. These technologies consist of software such as educational ERP and disruptive technologies such as LMSs, LCMSs, interactive whiteboards, and simulation-based learning hardware. Smart classrooms use interactive modules, videos, and presentations to improve the teaching process and to engage students in multi-media technologies. Covered in this Report The report covers the present scenario and the growth prospects of the Global Smart Classroom market for the period 2015-2019. To calculate the market size, it considers the revenue generated by vendors through the following product segments: Kindergarten K-12 Higher Education View our full TOC here Key Regions EMEA APAC Americas Key Vendors Apple Inc. IBM Corp. Microsoft Corp. SMART Technologies Inc. Other Prominent Vendors Adobe ATT Technologies Blackboard Cisco Systems Dell Desire2Learn Discovery Communication Dreambox Learning Echo360 Ellucian Fujitsu HP Jenzabar Knewton Lenovo Group N2N Services Panasonic Promethean World Saba Software Samsung Toshiba Udemy Key Market Driver Dynamic Interactive Learning Systems For a full, detailed list, view our report. Key Market Challenge Lack of Proper IT Infrastructure For a full, detailed list, view our report. Key Market Trend. Increased Usage of Smart Software For a full, detailed list, view our report. Key Questions Answered in this Report What will the market size be in 2018 and what will the growth rate be? What are the key market trends? What is driving this market? What are the challenges to market growth? Who are the key vendors in this market space? What are the market opportunities and threats faced by the key vendors? What are the strengths and weaknesses of the key vendors? For more insights, view our Global Smart Classroom Market 2014-2018 report.

Thursday, November 14, 2019

The Nurse Managers Role In Phy Essay -- essays research papers

Collaboration  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  3 The nurse mangers role in creating a collaborative work environment The nurse manager is vital in creating an environment where nurse-physician collaboration can occur and is the expected norm. It is she, who clarifies the vision of collaboration, sets an example of and practices as a role model for collaboration. The nurse manager also supports and makes necessary changes in the environment to bring together all the elements that are necessary to facilitating effective nurse-physician collaboration. Many authors (Alpert, Goldman, Kilroy, & Pike, 1992; Baggs & Schmitt, 1997; Betts, 1994; Evans, 1994; Evans & Carlson, 1993; Keeman, Cooke, & Hillis, 1998; Jones, 1994) have indicated that nurse-physician collaboration is not widespread and a number of barriers exist. The following will discuss the necessary ingredients for creating a nursing unit that is conducive to nurse-physician collaboration and supported through transformational leadership.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first important barrier according to (Keenan et al., (1998) is concerned with how nurses and physicians have not been socialized to collaborate with each other and do not believe they are expected to do so. Nurse and physicians have traditionally operated under the paradigm of physician dominance and the physician's viewpoint prevails on patient care issues. Collaboration, on the other hand, involves mutual respect for each other's opinions as well as possible contributions by the other party in optimizing patient care. Collaboration (Gray, 1989) requires that parties, who see different aspects of a problem, communicate together and constructively explore their differences in search of solutions that go beyond their own limited vision of what is possible. Many researchers have argued (Betts 1994; Evans & Carlson, 1993; Hansen et al., 1999; Watts et al., 1995)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Collaboration  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  4 that nurses and physicians should collaborate to address patient care issues, because consideration of both the professions concerns is important to the... ...in Nursing & Health. 20(1), 71-80. Betts,V.T. (1994). Removing practice barriers. Health Systems Review. 27(3), 18-19.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Cassidy, V.R. & Kroll, C.J. (1994). Ethical aspects of transformational leadership. Holistic Nursing Practice. 9(1), 41-47. Corley, M.C. (1998). Ethical dimensions of nurse-physician relations in critical care. Nursing Clinics of North America. 33(2), 325-335. Evans, J.A. (1994). The role of the nurse manager in creating an environment for collaborative practice. Holistic Nursing Practice. 8(3), 22-31. Evans, S.A. & Carlson, R. (1993). Nurse-physician collaboration: solving the nursing shortage crisis. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 20(7), 1669-73. Gray, B. (1989). Collaborating: finding common ground for multiparty problems. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Hansen, H.E., Biros, N.H., Delaney, N.M., & Schug, V.L. (1999). Research utilization and interdisciplinary collaboration in emergency care. Academic Emergency Medicine. 6(4), 271-279. Heide, B.A., Goldman, L.D., Kilroy, C.M., & Pike, A.W. (1992). Seven Gryzmish: toward an understanding of collaboration. Nursing Clinics of North America. 27(1), 47-59.

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Bayfield Mud Company Essay

1. As Wet-Land Drilling, Inc. had filed a complaint that the bags it received from Bayfield were short-weight by about 5%, they had to determine the cause of the discrepancy. They discovered through checking 50 of the bags that they only had an average net weight of 47.51 pounds. In order to identify the errors that had occurred in the operation, and why the weight has become inconsistent, Bayfield’s quality managers may consider using Statistical Process Control (SPC). As mentioned, past shipments had bags that averaged at 50 pounds, which will be the desired mean, X=50, and that had an acceptable standard deviation of 1.2, which will be the desired = 1.2. x = ÏÆ'n=1.26=0.4899 At a confidence interval of 99.7%, z = 3 UCL= x+ 3ÏÆ'x=50+3 x 0.4899=51.4697 LCL= x – 3ÏÆ'x=50-3 x 0.4899=48.5303 Percentage of Bags with Average Weight within Control Limits (Per Shift) Day Shift = 23 bags/24 bags = 96% Afternoon/Evening Shift = 12 bags/24 bags = 50% Night Shift = 12 bags/ 24 bags = 50% 2. As Bayfield had decided to add new shifts due to increased demand, the abrupt decision had caused inefficiencies when it came to making sure that the weights of the bags be as close to 50 pounds as possible. While the most experienced foremen were assigned to supervise the new employees of the night shift, they failed to make sure that the double-checking of the weight of the bags be as accurate as possible, as they only occasionally reminded the employees of this procedure. The management of Bayfield must make sure that stricter supervising of the double-checking of the bag weight-feeder must be implemented, such as having  scheduled checks (e.g. before the morning shift every day). They also have to remind employees that lighter-weight bags cause more than just a weighing problem, as they might result in poor chemical control during the drilling operation and might adversely affect drilling efficiency. Also, among the 25 samples that are considered as above UCL and below LCL, 23 of these are light-weight bags; therefore, the weight-feeder must be adjusted as needed, to prevent its frequent production of lighter-weight bags. As it can clearly be seen that much of the inefficiencies occur during the afternoon/evening shift and the night shift, Bayfield’s managers must also consider conducting additional training, especially for the new employees.

Saturday, November 9, 2019

Radical Policies of President Franklin D Roosevelt

President Franklin D. Roosevelt created the New Deal program to attack the Great Depression that was plummeting the nation into a financial crisis; his plan can be said to have been a radical departure from Roosevelt†s predecessors. Roosevelt was brought to power with the expectation that he would initiate a major shift in the nature of government, and his actions following his campaign can rightfully be dubbed Roosevelt†s predecessors can be said to have been more conservatives than radicals. President Coolidge†s objective was to reduce the significance of the presidency and to limit the powers of the overnment. He was content to let all of the nation†s problems work themselves out. He twice vetoed the McNary-Haugen bill, which would have drastically helped farmers by buying crop surpluses. President Hoover believed that the role of the gov†t. was not to solve the problems, but to help the problems disappear. He stated that â€Å"if gov†t solved society†s problems directly, people would give up their freedom and gov†t. would become the problem. † From public pressure, however, Hoover began to promote more direct fed. volvement, initiating such programs as the Reconstruction Finance Corporation and the Agric. Marketing Act, which helped farmers by buying their crop surpluses. His actions had little effect on the economy, but FDR made sure that his actions did. Roosevelt took a much larger step in using fed. involvement, more then any other President had done before. Roosevelt†s philosophy differed in that he promoted direct relief for the â€Å"forgotten man† in financial trouble. He saw nothing wrong with gov†t. activism, and he chose to use the fed. gov†t. to try to regenerate economic growth. Some programs, including the Agric. Adjustment Act and the National Reconstruction Administration, even allowed gov†t to become too involved, resulting in Supreme Court legislation declaring them illegal and unconstitutional. His instituted loan and price-support programs which farmers became dependent upon, the Wagner Act as the overseer of labor-management relations, and a program to regulate the banking system and financial systems. In other words, he significantly changed the role of gov†t in the ecomony and in society by granting gov†t more control over them. After the New Deal and the Second Hundred Days were over, society held the expectation that the Pres. and the gov†t. were responsible for correcting any or all problems that they had. Even so, Roosevelt†s radical actions had stabilized the economy and prevented economic collapse. Conservatives argue that Roosevelt undermined individualism and free enterprise, but really he simply saved the nation with his ideas and reforms. Roosevelt may have used the fed. gov†t. intensely in society, but he saved thousands of unemployed workers and helped his fellow man.

Thursday, November 7, 2019

Will Colleges Accept the Old SAT for Class of 2017 or 2018 30+ Schools Interviewed

Will Colleges Accept the Old SAT for Class of 2017 or 2018 30+ Schools Interviewed SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Image via College Board. The SAT wasrevamped in March 2016 in an effort to make it more modern and accessible. If you’re a current high school student, you’ve probably heard about this change. If you’re a current senior(Class of 2017) or junior(Class of 2018) this raises some questions.What if you tookthe SAT before it changed last spring? Will colleges still accept scores from the "old" SAT? Or will they require you to take the new SAT?This has big implications for how you prep, when you take the tests, and possibly even whether you should switch to the ACT. In this exclusive, first of its kind breakdown, we personally spoke to admissions counselors from dozens of colleges to get some real answers on how they willhandle the transition. Overview: What's In This Guide To get accurate info that's most relevant to you as a student or parent, we posed as a parent and asked college admission officers directly how we should handle the SAT transition for two children: one a risingsenior(Class of 2017) and one a junior(Class of 2018). They did not know I was affiliated with PrepScholar. In most cases I talked to an admissions representative or someone higher up in the office. Also, since we couldn’t call every single school in the US, we will also include a guide to help you find out about the new SAT policy at any school you’re interested in. (Please share this info with us in the comments!) For the purposes of this article, "old SAT" refers to the 2400 version of the SAT that wasadministered up until January2016. The "new SAT" or "redesigned SAT" refers to the redesigned test thatwas first administered in March2016. We will cover some overall trends we noticed before diving into a school-by-school guide. Next, we will outline a guide to help you call admissions offices for schools you're interested in. Trends about Accepting the New SAT Every school we spoke to is accepting both the old and the new SAT for the Class of 2017 (current seniors). This is because the SAT is typically taken during junior year, and for the Class of 2017, the old SAT wasavailable for half of your junior year, and the new SAT for the second half. One caveat to this is that many colleges will not "superscore" between the new and old SAT, since they consider them to be different tests. This means that they won’t automatically look at your highest section scores like they normally do with two different SAT score reports. Keep this in mind if you think you will need to retake the SAT. As far as some colleges are concerned, comparing the old and new SAT is like comparing apples and oranges. In terms of the Class of 2018, colleges fall into two main camps. In the first camp, they will let the Class of 2018 submit scores from the current SAT. As of July 2016, this camp is about three-quarters of schools we interviewed. In the second camp, they haven’t made a decision yet for the Class of 2018 – though some are leaning one way or the other, based on our conversations. This camp has six schools. Finally, there are two schools who have decided not to accept the old SAT for the Class of 2018. Additionally, many colleges cautioned against taking the SAT too early, as they tend to see the highest scores from juniors and older. That means if you’re in the Class of 2018, it would likely make more sense to take the new SAT,unless you are confident your score from the old SAT is stellar. We will continue to monitor college admission websites as policies are updated. The New 2016 SAT: A School-by-School Guide We called the admissions offices at many popular schools to find out their policies – or what they know so far. We also checked to see if they have official policies up on their websites, and will include those where available. Since we couldn’t call every single school, we are also including a guide to getting this info on your own after our list. We contacted and are posting the policies (or what we know so far) from the schools below. We contacted all of the Ivy Leagues, top schools like Stanford and MIT, and other popular colleges and universities from around the country. Barnard College Brigham Young University Brown University Bryn Mawr College Cambridge University Columbia University Cornell University Dartmouth College Duke University Harvard University Johns Hopkins University Massachusetts Institute of Technology Mount Holyoke College New York University Northwestern University Oxford University Pennylsvania State University Princeton University Stanford University University of California Berkeley University of California Los Angeles University of Chicago University of Michigan University of Pennsylvania University of Virginia Vanderbilt University Washington University in St Louis Wellesley College Yale University We organized our list based on the redesigned SAT policy schools are adopting. Again, since every school we spoke to will continue to accept the current SAT for the Class of 2017, we are organizing this list based on the policy for the Class of 2018. We will first look at the schools that are not accepting the old SAT for the Class of 2018. Next, we'll list the schools that will officially be accepting the current SAT for the Class of 2018. Finally, we will go through the schools that have not yet decided on a policy. Class of 2018 Cannot Submit the Current SAT Duke University Duke has decided that, although members of the Class of 2017 may submit either the old or new SAT, members of the Class of 2018 (and younger) must submit the new SAT. Furthermore, if a student in the Class of 2017 submits an old and new SAT score, they will use concordance tables to determine the higher score. Northwestern University Can a student in the Class of 2017 submit scores from the current SAT? â€Å"We’ll definitely still accept his scores.† But will you superscore between the old and new SAT? â€Å"As far as how we’re going to be using the new test, we don’t have a policy yet.† (Northwestern has since posted a policy that clarifies they will not superscore between the old and new SAT.) So what about a student from the Class of 2018 – could they submit scores from the current SAT? I was told last year the policy had not been decided yet. Since then, Northwestern has posted their official policy and it looks like they are not accepting the old SAT for the Class of 2018: "beginning with those seeking to enroll in fall 2018, we will only accept the new SAT." So if you're in the Class of 2018 or later, you have to take the new SAT for Northwestern. Class of 2018 Can Submit the Old SAT Barnard College When I asked about the Class of 2017 last year, the Barnard representative said, â€Å"We will be accepting both tests still.† When I asked about the Class of 2018, I was told they hadn't determined their policy yet. I reached out to the admissions office again via email and learned some good news: the Class of 2018 can also submit the old SAT! "Yes, you may submit results from the old and/or the redesigned SAT. When evaluating applicants, we will consider only the highest testing results reported from one version of the test, not across both versions. In the redesigned version of the SAT, Barnard will not require the writing test. Results from two SAT Subject Tests will no longer be required." Note that Barnard is not superscoring across the old and new SAT, and that they no longer require two SAT subject tests. Brigham Young University BYU has a relatively relaxed, straightforward policy regarding the new SAT. The admissions representative told me, â€Å"We’ll take whatever [SAT score] is highest [for a current senior]. If he gets a better score on the new SAT we’ll accept that.† So not only can you submit either the old or new SAT if you’re in the Class of 2017, BYU will superscore between the two tests. What about for the Class of 2018? â€Å"We’ll still accept the old one [for a current junior]. If he takes it again, it will be whichever one is highest.† So for BYU, you can submit scores from either the old or new SAT up through the Class of 2018. Brown University Image via Wikipedia. When I asked about the SAT transition last year, I was told by an admissions representative, â€Å"We haven’t made a decision yet†¦We’ll be posting it on our website as soon as we’ve decided.† Luckily, Brown has now decided on a policy for the new SAT, and it's very flexible.According to their FAQ page, they "do not have a preference for either the current SAT or the redesigned SAT." So if you're in the Class of 2018, you can definitely submit the old SAT. Bryn Mawr and Mount Holyoke While looking at some of the Seven Sisters schools (some of the top women-only colleges in the US) we noticed that some of them don’t require standardized testing at all. This is still a fairly rare practice among schools in the US, but it’s interesting to note that for some schools, including Bryn Mawrand Mount Holyoke, sending standardized test scores is optional (exceptions include international and home-schooled students). Since scores are not required, you can send in any standardized scores you do have, including ones from the current SAT. Carnegie Mellon Image via Wikipedia. Carnegie Mellon also falls in the camp that is accepting either the old or the new SAT as long as they were available while the student was in high school. â€Å"If they’re offering both SATs it’s up to them which one to take,† an admissions representative told me. Even for a current junior? â€Å"Yes, as long as they have the choice we will accept either one.† As of October 2015, Carnegie Mellon's standardized testing requirements page doesn't list any information about the new SAT. However, they do note that "Carnegie Mellon would prefer that applicants take these required tests in their junior or senior year." This means that if you're in the Class of 2018 and tookthe oldSAT as a sophomore, Carnegie Mellon prefers (but doesn't require) that you re-take the SAT or ACT as a junior or senior. Columbia University Columbia has a posted policy about the new SAT: "Columbia will continue to accept scores for both versions of the SAT for applicants applying for admission for fall 2017 and fall 2018." That means if you're in the Class of 2018, you're free to take the current SAT. They will continue to accept either version of the SAT through Fall 2018 (which would include current freshmen). That said, they will not superscore between two versions of the test. So if you take both the old and new SAT, they won't automatically look at your highest section scores. Cornell University When I asked about the Class of 2017 and 2018 submitting the current SAT, I was told, â€Å"We would accept whatever test they take during the transition period. Whatever they end up taking we’ll use.† Translation: the Class of 2017 or 2018 can take either version of the SAT. However, the Cornell officer cautioned pretty strongly about taking the SAT too early, in reference to someone in the Class of 2018 fitting in the old SAT: â€Å"I would wait a little while before taking that standardized test because even though we’ll see the highest scores, we’ll have access to all those scores.† So even though Cornell would accept the current version of the SAT through the Class of 2018, make sure you don't take the SAT before you're ready. If you want to read more about how Cornell will compare scores between the old and new SAT, you can check out their new SAT FAQ. Dartmouth College Dartmouth has updated their FAQ page with info about the new SAT. They confirm that they will take the new or old SAT for the Class of 2017 and beyond: "If you are applying for admission to enroll at Dartmouth in the fall of 2017 or later, your results from either the current or the redesigned version of the SAT will be accepted, we do not have a preference." However, Dartmouth is not superscoring between the old and new SAT: "we will consider your highest â€Å"superscored† results from either the current or the redesigned SAT; we will not combine scores from both versions." Howard University If you want to go to Howard, you’re in luck, because they have a very straightforward policy about the new SAT. â€Å"We only consider the math and critical reading scores, so we will superscore between new and old [SAT scores], and consider any tests taken while in high school,† the admissions representative told me when I asked about students in the Class of 2017 and 2018 taking the oldSAT. The bottom line? Both the Class of 2017 and the Class of 2018 can take the old or new SAT and submit it to Howard. Johns Hopkins When asked if Johns Hopkins would accept an old SAT score from a student in the Class of 2017, the admissions representative replied, â€Å"Absolutely.† And when asked about if a student in the Class of 2018 could also submit the old SAT, the representative said, â€Å"He can take it.† So both the Class of 2017 and Class of 2018 can take either version of the SAT and submit it to Johns Hopkins. Their website now says that "For 2017 applicants, Johns Hopkins will accept both the new SAT and old SAT." We emailed the admissions office to clarify the Class of 2018 can still submit the old SAT as well and they replied, "if you take one old test and one new test, we will convert the old math and reading scores into a comparable new score." This presumably means the Class of 2018 is good to go, and furthermore, explains their policy if they get an old and new SAT score: to compare them using concordance tables. New York University Image via Wikipedia. NYU has a policy about the new SAT posted on their admissions website. As stated on their standardized testing page, â€Å"Either [the old SAT or the new SAT] are fine.† Furthermore, I spoke with an admissions representative who clarified this is true for students in both the Class of 2017 and Class of 2018. So feel free to submit either version of the SAT to NYU. Oxford University I was able to send the Oxford Admissions office an email about the redesigned SAT, and asked whether students graduating in 2017 and 2018 would be able to submit scores from the current SAT. â€Å"Yes, we will continue to accept any test taken before the changes are implemented," said the email. "In general we expect a candidate to have achieved their entry qualifications within three years of applying.† So Oxford will continue to accept scores from the current SAT, as long as a student applying took it within the last three years. Princeton University When I asked the Princeton officer about students in the Class of 2017 and the Class of 2018, they said, â€Å"We are accepting either of the two †¦ Your son who’s a sophomorecould still submit his old one though he would probably end up taking the new one due to timing†¦ We’ll accept the old one for as long as it’s valid, which I believe is for five years after the test date.† So Princeton will accept either the Old or New SAT for the Classes of 2017 and 2018 – maybe up to the class of 2020 if they follow the SAT’s five-year score expiration policy. Additionally, Princeton has posted a short answer about the new SAT on their FAQ page: "We will accept either version of the SAT, or the ACT with Writing. We do not have a preference for the â€Å"old† or â€Å"redesigned† SAT. The â€Å"old† SAT, or redesigned SAT with Essay and ACT with Writing are treated equally." So again, Princeton seems ready to accept the old SAT for as long as it's available. Stanford University Will Stanford continue to accept the current SAT for students in the Class of 2017 and Class of 2018? â€Å"We will be taking both tests,† the admissions representative told me. â€Å"We do have a preference for having them take it when they’re a little older, but we will be accepting both tests.† Stanford has now also confirmed on its Testing page that they will accept both the old and new SAT. They require applicants to take all three components of the test (Reading and Writing, Math, and Essay) and caution they will not superscore between the old and new SAT. So even if you’re in the Class of 2018 and take the old SAT, Stanford will accept it. However, heed their advice about taking the test only when you’re ready! University of California Berkeley â€Å"Yeah, we will be accepting both [the old and new SAT],† an admissions representative at Berkeley told me when I asked about students in the Class of 2017 and 2018. â€Å"At this point †¦ as long as you take it before they make that change, we will accept it.† The University of California website now also has a section clarifying that the old SAT is okay for the Class of 2018, but the Class of 2019 and younger must take the new SAT. University of California Los Angeles Image via Wikipedia. UCLA, as a fellow member of the UC system, has the same policy as UC Berkeley, but we did call just to make sure.Whenwe asked if UCLA willswitch over to redesigned SAT only by the time the Class of 2018 is applying, the admissions officer said,â€Å"Nope, we’ll still be accepting [the old SAT].† So, just like Berkeley, you can submit either version of the SAT to UCLA, even if you're in the Class of 2018. Also, UCLA is reminding applicants on their website that if they take the new SAT, to sign up for the essay, which will be optional on the new SAT. University of Chicago Will the University of Chicago accept scores from the current SAT for students in the Class of 2017 or 2018? The admissions representative said, â€Å"We will still accept either test.† The University of Chicago has now clarified on their website that they will accept either the old or new SAT as long as scores are valid. If you are in the Class of 2018 and took the old SAT, your score will still be valid by your senior year and you can use it to apply. However, Chicago will not superscore between the old and new SAT. University of Pennylvania Penn has now posted an official policy about the new SAT which is quite flexible: they will allow the Class of 2018 to submit the old or new SAT. "For students with the option to take either exam, Penn will accept scores from both the current SAT and the redesigned SAT." Additionally, they won't require the essay portion of the new SAT and they will not superscore between the old and new SAT. Vanderbilt University Will Vanderbilt be accepting old SAT scores from students in the Class of 2017 and the Class of 2018? â€Å"Yes, as long as the old SAT was available while the student was in high school, we will accept those scores†¦We will absolutely accept it, if he takes it now.† However, Vanderbilt did caution that they will not be superscoring. â€Å"If you take both the old and the new one, we won’t cross super-score those tests. If you take two old SATs, we will superscore those two, but if you take an old and a new SAT, we won’t superscore between those.† Vanderbilt has now posted this policy on their website. If you scroll down to "A Note Regarding the New SAT," you can see Vanderbilt will continue to accept the old SAT as long as it's available to students, but will not superscore between the old and new tests. Washington University in Saint Louis So how is Washington University in Saint Louis handling the SAT transition? â€Å"We are going to work with the old SAT as it phases out. [We will take it] until it is no longer possible to take the old SAT,† an admissions representative told me. So is this true for a student in the Class of 2018? â€Å"If that’s the score he wants to send and he likes it, then that’s fine.† So for Washington University, you can send either the old or new SAT even if you are in the Class of 2018. But will they superscore between the old and new SAT scores? â€Å"We actually don’t know how we’re going to handle [superscoring] yet because we haven’t seen the new test yet. We would hope to superscore but we have to wait until we know more.† So be aware that if you end up taking the old SAT and the new SAT, Washington University might not automatically look at the highest score from both sittings. As of July 2016, there isn't a policy posted regarding this on their application website, so we'll keep you posted. Wellesley College I had a long conversation with an admissions officer at Wellesley back in June. I was told then, â€Å"We clearly will be taking the old SAT [for the Class of 2017]. I don’t know about [the Class of 2018], as we have no official policy yet.† But now, Wellesley has posted an expanded section about the redesigned SAT on their FAQ page, which affirms that the Class of 2017 can submit either the current or redesigned SAT.The FAQdoessuggest that they are pushing for a transition to the new SAT, "Applicants to Wellesley for 2017 and beyond should take the new test, but can submit scores from the pre-2016 version." We emailed the admissions office at Wellesley and confirmed that someone in the Class of 2018 can still submit the oldSAT, even though the new SAT is preferred: "We would still consider those scores, however, since we often see scores improve dramatically between a student's sophomore year and her senior year, she may want to consider taking them again in the future." So while the Class of 2018 could submit the current SAT to Wellesley, remember you may get a better score on the new SAT (or the ACT!) if you take the test your junior year. Yale Yale has posted a policy for the SAT redesign. They will be accepting the current SAT for the Class of 2018 as well as the Class of 2017. This is in contrast to the original policy they had posted last year, which stated that the Class of 2018 could not submit the current SAT: Yale's first policy for the redesigned SAT. Yale's current policy for the redesigned SAT. So if you're in the Class of 2018, and you've taken or will take the current SAT, you will be able to submit it to Yale. No Clear Policy Yet for the Class of 2018 Cambridge University Cambridge's different colleges have various admissions policies and standards. We got in touch with a few to get a sense of how Cambridge as a whole will handle the transition. This is what we found out. "We accept the qualifications which the applicants have taken and assess them carefully and on an individual basis on academic merit alongside all others applying for the same subject," said an admissions coordinator at Christ's College. Translation? Any standardized test will be looked at, including the current SAT. "I have contacted our Admissions Tutors and the feedback is as follows: ‘Yes: old one is fine,'" said an admissions officer at Churchill College. "The University of Cambridge will probably consider both versions of SAT (a decision will be made later this summer). Please note that we do not accept SATs on their own and they need to be accompanied by Advanced Placement Test or the International Baccalaureate," said an Admissions Officer at Pembroke College. So while some of the colleges seem prepared to accept the current SAT, others are waiting for an official policy to be set. If you're curious about any of the other individual colleges at Cambridge, see a full list here with contact info. Harvard University When I talked to a Harvard representative about how they will handle the SAT transition, I was told, â€Å"For a year or so we will accept both [the old SAT and new SAT].† This means for students in the Class of 2017, who will be juniors when the SAT changes, they could submit either test. When I asked about the Class of 2018, I was told, â€Å"I can’t tell you at this point†¦Probably for up to two years we will accept the old SAT.† Basically, this is a maybe. Indeed, if you look on Harvard’s admission website, you can see the following policy: â€Å"We will accept both the current and the redesigned SAT scores for the foreseeable future. You should submit scores from tests taken in the past three years." Unfortunately the â€Å"foreseeable future† is not terribly specific. If you follow the three year rule, someone in the Class of 2018 could take the old SAT as a sophomore and still have a usable score by their senior year. So it appears that Harvard will accept the old SAT for the Class of 2018, which would put them in line with other Ivy League schools like Brown and Dartmouth. You may want to double check with the admissions office before you assume you can use an old SAT score. MIT So could a current sophomore submit a score form the old SAT? â€Å"We will still be accepting [the old SAT] for the Class of 2017.† What about the Class of 2018? â€Å"That is likely we will as well†¦.We’re still reaching a decision on everything at this point. But we will always accept previously-taken tests.† Translation? If you’re in the Class of 2017, you can submit either version of the SAT. If you’re in the Class of 2018, you can certainly submit a score from the current SAT, but MIT hasn’t decided yet if by that point they will require the redesigned SAT as well from applicants submitting the SAT. As of July 2016, MIT hasn't decided on an official policy. They say on their FAQ page that: "We have not announced our policy and/or requirements for the 2017 admission cycle...For students interested in applying to MIT in 2017, and registering for the new SAT - we will accept all test results regardless of format or our final requirements. We will also accept all test results from exams taken before the new SAT." Penn State Can the Class of 2017 and the Class of 2018 submit scores from the current SAT if they have them? â€Å"As long as we have at least one score†¦We haven’t set a policy but as long as there’s at least one test score that’s all we need,† the Penn State representative told me. What about superscoring between the old and new SAT? â€Å"If [they take] the old and new one, whatever one is better we will accept.† So, tentatively, Penn State not only appears to accept both the old and new SAT up through the Class of 2018, they will also superscore between the old and new. Again, keep an eye out for official policy to go up in the Penn State admissions website, but for now, you can plan to take either version of the SAT. As of July 2016, no additional information has been posted on their website regarding the new SAT. University of Michigan Will the University of Michigan be accepting the current SAT for a student in the Class of 2017? â€Å"We will still accept the old SAT if they take it.† So what about for a student in the class of 2018? â€Å"They haven’t made a final determination on that †¦ we’re probably going to decide this next year, which is when the new SAT will roll out.† The admissions representative did say, â€Å"We will still accept previous scores and take them into consideration.† So while Michigan will certainly look at scores from the old SAT from a student in the Class of 2018, the jury’s still out on whether they will accept that as the official standardized test score, or if they will require the new SAT by then. As of July 2016 their website has not been updated. University of Virginia UVA has decided on a new SATpolicy, for the Class of 2017 at least: they can choose between the old SAT, new SAT, or the ACT when submitting their standardized test scores. However, there is nothing listed about the Class of 2018, so you'll have to wait to find out whether they will accept the current SAT for your class. How to Call Admissions Offices You’re probably wondering about other colleges we didn’t reach out to for this guide. From local state schools to small liberal arts colleges, every school is going to have a policy for the redesigned SAT. So how do you find out for yourself? The first step is to check their website to see if they have posted a policy. Check first their standardized testing page for freshman applicants. If the policy isn't there, take a look at the FAQ section. If they’ve posted a policy for the redesigned SAT, it will likely appear on one of those two pages. Unfortunately, many schools haven’t posted their policies online yet. Many are waiting to learn more about the redesigned SAT before they do so. If that’s the case, you can use our guide here to help you call college admission departments and ask. Even if they don’t have an official policy yet, an admissions officer can give you their best guess, which can help clear things up for you. In many cases, a policy has been decided but just not posted yet, and this is the best way to find out. If you just read the words â€Å"call college admission departments† and started thinking about slinking away, sending an email, or waiting for the official policy – stop! I realize that a lot of high school students are nervous about talking on the phone, and especially nervous about talking to admissions officers. Keep in mind that answering questions is part of the job of an admissions officer. Furthermore, they are really nice and happy to talk to you! Also, in case you're wondering, they’re not secretly taking your name down and writing notes about you. First of all, you don’t have to give your name, but even if you did, they don’t care. Colleges don’t track phone calls (or visits, or emails) by name. Calling an office will not affect your future application one way or the other. Step-by-Step Calling Guide First of all, to get the phone number, search for "[Name of College/University] Admissions Contact Info." This will pull up the page with the contact information, including emails and phone numbers for the admissions office. Dial the number for the admissions office. Here’s what to say to get the info you need. In most cases you’ll get through to an admissions representative first, not a counselor. (The difference is that representatives handle communications and outreach while counselors or officers actually read applications.) Briefly introduce yourself. For example, say, â€Å"I’m a high school student graduating in 2017† or â€Å"I’m the parent of a high school student graduating in 2017." This will help the representative put you in context. Succinctly say why you’re calling, for examples say, â€Å"I have a question about the new 2016 SAT.† At that point the representative will talk to you if they believe they have the answer, or will transfer you to an admissions counselor. Questions to Ask Jury's still out on whether waiting for your crush to text back or gathering the courage to call a college admissions office is more excruciating. First ask, "Are you still accepting the oldSAT for my class, the Class of 2017?" (Or the Class of 2018, as the case may be.) If they say yes, you can reconfirm by asking, "If I tookthe oldSAT before spring 2016 and gota good score, can I apply to your school with this score?" Also, if they say yes, ask, "Will you superscore between the old and new SAT?" You'll want to find out if they will take your highest scores if they take both the old and new SAT. If they will not be superscoring, ask how they will compare your scores if you take both the old and new SAT. If they will not be accepting the oldSAT for your class, ask which standardized tests they will be accepting for your class. It might be they will only accept the redesigned SAT or the ACT. You could also consider asking about SAT versus ACT, and if they would suggest taking the ACT instead. (Most colleges will likely affirm they take both tests equally, and perhaps encourage you to take the ACT during the transition period since it may be simpler.) If you have any other questions about applying or that school's specific application process, be sure to ask. Remember to thank them for their time before signing off. Also, for any school that you call that's not on the current list, leave a comment below so other students will benefit! Closing Words It’s important to put your best foot forward with standardized tests, which is why we spent so much time doing this research. However, it’s also important to remember they’re not the only part of your college applications. Many admissions counselors were eager to remind me over the phone that they use holistic review processes, so your SAT score is not the be-all end-all of your application. While it’s tricky being in the Class of 2017 or 2018 and having to deal with the SAT transition, remember to keep your grades up, take challenging classes, and get involved in things you care about. Finally, keep in mind that you can always take the ACT instead! The vast majority of colleges accept it equally, and the ACT isn’t changing. If you’re stressed about dealing with the redesigned SAT, remember you don’t have to take it! You can take the ACT instead. What’s Next? Read in-depth about the new SAT to understand how it's changing. We have a summary of major changes, and detailed guides to changes on the Reading, Writing, and Math sections, as well as the Essay. So what should you do if you decide to take the new SAT? Check out our study guide for the new SAT. Thinking you should take the ACT instead? Get guides to ACT scoring and ACT timing, and also try a free ACT practice test. If the ACT seems manageable to you, consider taking it instead of the SAT to avoid the transition headache. Want advice for getting into top colleges? Read our exclusive guide about what college admissions officers are actually looking for. Want to improve your SAT score by 240 points?We've written a guide about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Tuesday, November 5, 2019

Top 10 Characteristics of Successful and Creative Women

Top 10 Characteristics of Successful and Creative Women If you haven’t seen Wonder Woman yet, add it to your to-do list: you will be newly inspired to kick butt and take names. If you want to be all the woman you can be and achieve the great things you know you’re destined for, then there are a few things you can try to increase your chances of world domination. Turns out, women who achieve amazing things tend to have a few traits in common. Here are a few that you can attempt to cultivate or recognize in yourself.1. AssertivenessIf you find yourself backing into requests or questions and/or constantly apologizing for yourself, then you might need to harden your assertiveness quotient. Trade in your inner pussycat for an inner tiger. Just try not to be too ferocious to over-compensate.2. EmpathyA lot of women think that â€Å"typically female† traits like empathy are to be downplayed, when instead they should be considered an asset. Empathy means you can listen and understand where other people are coming from- their needs and feelings and desires. Learn to be understanding and intuitive, without getting derailed by sentimentality.3. PassionYou may have lots of skill and experience, but without passion for what you’re doing, you’re likely not to elevate your work to the next stage. Loving what you do means innovating, striving, challenging yourself. And it makes the time you put in pleasurable and worth every moment of your journey to the top. Passion also brings energy, which you’ll need to persevere.4. ImperfectionTrying to be â€Å"perfect† or expecting perfection from those around you is a one-way ticket to everyone being miserable. Really successful women know this isn’t possible all the time. Embrace your flaws. Find people who complement your strengths. And keep your head down. Be the best you can be at each thing, then move on.5. PowerRise to the top. Once you get there, you get to write your own rules. You’ll find, paradoxically, that the higher up you go, the easier your life gets. You’ll have more control in the kind of workplace you create for yourself and your employees.6. FaithBelieve in yourself. Believe that you will be successful. Believe in your crazy ideas. And be ready to think on your feet in order to realize them. You could also call this ego- the confidence to get done what you need to get done (rather than the inflated head variety).7. AdaptabilityIf stress flummoxes you, then you might have a hard time in your rise to success. You’ll feel more capable of handling this amount of stress at different times, of course, but in general, the more you build up your tolerance the better. Find ways to make your life as restful, de-stressed, and easy as possible. And concentrate your mental energy on the work at hand, rather than hyperventilation.8. CourageWhat would you do if you had no fear? Taking risks doesn’t necessarily mean doing reckless things, but it does mean making calculated decisions and trying things that might be considered â€Å"risky.†9. Self careReally successful people rest as hard as they play. They take good physical care of themselves: exercising and eating right, taking mental health days if possible, and knowing when to say â€Å"no† and when to take alone time, etc. They’re able to step away from their never ending to-do lists and do something that will keep them going with enough fuel to keep powering through.10. GratitudeReally successful women realize that their success did not occur in a vacuum- both at home and at work. And they are able to say thank you and express genuine gratitude and appreciation to the people who have helped them get where they are. They treat their colleagues with kindness and respect and receive respect and admiration in return.

Sunday, November 3, 2019

International business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

International business - Essay Example In order to solve any kind of issues related to customer queries or quality of services and products offered, the company has hired well trained and skilled staff. This study proposes to evaluate Starbucks from an international strategic viewpoint. It will also shed light on the coffee industry of USA. The primary rationale behind the industry analysis is to present strategies followed by the company and the advantages and disadvantages. The organisational structure is explained in detail. Apart from the external business environment, the report will also analyse using PESTEL analysis. The next part will be about identifying the strengths and weaknesses of the company. The main findings include business strategies for future. Methodology Organisational Structure In order to combine functional and divisional structures, Starbucks have used a matrix configuration. As a result of complex matrix structure, the company is known as a mechanistic firm. There is high level of horizontal and vertical complexity, high centralisation, high formalisation, high standardization and narrow control spans. The senior management has planned to create a more streamlined and efficient structure where free flow of information will be present. This will help in exchange of important information and feedback from consumers and front level executives to the organisational level (Anthony, Gales and Hodge, 2003). In a complex structure, this is often difficult to achieve. The matrix structure is used by Starbucks in order to avoid breakdowns in communications especially in case of vertical integration. As we go down in the organisation, authority level increases. Starbucks have divided its workforce into cross-functional teams, allowing workers to report to different supervisors. This organisational structure has helped the employees to have efficient and successful communication downward, upward and lateral with the workers. Matrix structures have also helped Starbucks in creating succ essful external and internal communication. To increase internal collaboration, the management encourages discussions and exchange of ideas in a timely manner. External communication is achieved by promoting ownership and loyalty with customers and stakeholders. Regular feedback is solicited in order to generate updated customer preferences. Strategic Management of the Company In the year 1971, Starbucks was launched (Starbucks, 2013a). The firm started as a small retailer of whole beans and ground coffee, tea and spices in a single store in Seattle. Today, the company has millions of customers. The products of Starbucks include more than 30 blends of premium coffee, merchandises, handcrafted beverages, consumer products and fresh food products. Starbucks coffee and Seattle’s Best Coffee are the best selling brands of Starbucks. The corporate value of the company lies in building an organisation with a soul. The company owns more than 20,000 stores located in 50 different cou ntries (Starbucks, 2013b). These stores are categorised into company owned and licensed stores catering people all over the world. Starbucks is not in favour of franchising because of culture and quality control issues. The business of Starbucks runs on ethics and doing the right

Thursday, October 31, 2019

Federal National Mortgage Association(FANNIE MAE) and Federal Home Essay

Federal National Mortgage Association(FANNIE MAE) and Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (FREDDIE MAC) and the Housing Crisis - Essay Example It allowed for banks charging low mortgage interest rates to encourage anyone interested in buying a home. It led to the creating a secondary market for mortgages. In this market, companies like Fannie Mae borrowed money from foreign markets at minimal interest rates since they were financially supported by the US Government. This enabled Fannie Mae to give fixed rate mortgage that have a very low deposit to any home buyer. Fannie Mae monopolized the secondary market for the first thirty years after its inception. In 1968, the Vietnam War created great fiscal pressure. This led to Fannie Mae’s privatization and its removal from the national budget by President Johnson. This is when it started to operate as a Government Supported Enterprise, GSE. It made profits for its shareholders and at the same time enjoyed being exempted from tax and oversight, despite being backed by the government. To prevent any further monopoly, another Government Supported Enterprise was formed in 1970. It was known as Freddie Mac. These two companies currently command a 90 per cent of the national secondary mortgage market. GSEs have experienced great growth financially over the years. Their combined asset base is currently at 45 per cent more than those of the biggest bank in the country. However, their combined debt equals 46 per cent of the present national debts. This high growth as well as over-leveraging has caused concerns in the Congress, the SEC and the Justice Department regarding their financial practices. Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae happen to be the only corporations in the Fortune 500 league that do dot abide by the requirement to furnish the public about any difficulties in finances they undergo. In case they collapse, the taxpayers will have to foot the multi-billion dollar outstanding debt. A recent probe into Freddie Mac by the SEC and the Justice Department discovered accounting errors to the tune

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

Tourism in Dubai Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Tourism in Dubai - Research Paper Example Sources indicate that Dubai is using resources to tap into new emerging markets, which allows them to raise their position in already established/developedregions. All this is being done in a bid to increase the revenue the region rakes in annually, while it hopes to become one of the largest tourist destinations in the globe. This paper will analyze tourism in Dubai, and the potential the region has in terms of increase in growth for different areas in the economy. In 2011, Dubai boasted of an increase in the number of tourists who visited hotel apartments and hotels. This is from approximately 8 million in 2010, to over 9 million guests the following year. The initiatives in place guarantee that the emirates is the place to be once people decide to go on vacation, events, or business trips. The vibrant and dynamic nature of the tourism sector is being reflected by the hotels, hotel apartments, and the cruise passenger liners that attract more customers to the emirates (Nadeem 46). There are many factors that come into play when the success of Dubai is mentioned. The travel industry is one area that has played a part in the growth of the region’s success. Enhanced networking makes it possible for different sectors to chip in and aid in the success of the region. Dubai is now capable of reaching more people as a result of these diverse networks, which is aiding in the development and growth process of the UAE. There are regulations that need to be followed prior to visiting Dubai. As one of the seven emirates of the UAE, Dubai is one of the most prosperous regions in the Arab peninsula. The tourism sector has had a lot to do with this success, but to comprehend the nature of the region; one has to comprehend the regulations that govern the region. It is impossible to gain access to Dubai without a visa. Dubai can grant permits to citizens of certain regions upon arrival to the UAE, but they have limits. Also, visitors may be allowed permission to stay if they get sponsorship from citizens in the region, or any company that may be licensed to operate in Dubai. All these are ways in which the region can monitor the coming and going of foreign individuals. Awareness of the market presented by Dubai is created every day for people to realize that there are tremendous opportunities in the region (Page 97). This makes it even easier for people to get access to the region, increasing the chances of the region’s growth. Culturally, as with any region, there are different behavioralrestrictions that govern people living in Dubai. Since the tourism industry is booming and is attracting a large number of individuals of foreign descent, hotels and hotel apartments note that some of the things that may be considered normal in other developed countries may not necessarily be normal in Dubai. An example would be the strict adherence of Muslim laws, even if one may not be affiliated with the religion (Page 103). It is crucial to follow some of the cultures, for example; visits in the month of Ramadan may require individuals not to eat or drink in public as per the custom of the people. Moreover, decency in public is considered a moral obligation for individuals in Dubai. One is prohibited from wearing swim suits or even bikinis, unless they are on the beach. Tourists have to adhere to these restrictions regardless of whether they are Muslim or not. There are

Sunday, October 27, 2019

Understanding Organisational Behaviour And Leadership Management Essay

Understanding Organisational Behaviour And Leadership Management Essay Leadership is a vital and pivotal role in any organisation, regardless of size. It can be in the form of a single person in a small sole-trader like business, or in the complex structure of a multinational corporation. Leadership is essential for organisations to achieve their goals, and to manage their employees in the process. I will be looking into the theories of leadership and assessing how they affect the work performance of employees, in terms of motivation and efficiency. In particular, I will discuss the path-goal theory, and how it links into the different styles of management affecting employee work performance, as well as the benefits and criticisms of the model, and finishing with a conclusion as to what my stance is on the subject of leadership affecting work performance and to what extent performance is affected by leadership and theories such as this. From preliminary reading and understanding of this area in the subject of organisational behaviour, my viewpoint can come to assume that leadership does have an effect on an employees performance, and that the style and method of leadership does have a positive correlation on the mentioned relationship. The Path-Goal Theory The performance of employees in an organisation is much dependant on the leadership they have. Leadership has to be effective and tailored to the particular situation to ensure that the optimum efficiency is achieved. The path-goal theory of leadership effectiveness, developed by Robert House in 1976, is a transactional leadership theory that explains how leadership should be carried out in a manner that brings out the best in the employees abilities and is dependent on the efficiency, motivation and satisfaction of the employees in an organisation. The theory outlines how leadership behaviour and the employees abilities will lead to a particular path that will achieve the outcome, the goal (House, 1996). This goal would be a mutual goal of the worker and the organisation. Different leadership styles are needed, in terms of leadership behaviour, depending on the demands and circumstance of the particular state of affairs (House, 1971). Looking at the theory in more detail, this situational leadership theory explains how an individuals attitudes and their behaviour are in ­fluenced by the link between their effort and performance, the goal paths, and the attractiveness of the rewards, which is the goal attractiveness, being it the leaders job for this direction (Strebel, 1994). Therefore, these individuals would be productive, and their desires fulfilled when they see a strong connection between their effort and performance and when this results in highly appreciated rewards. House argues that the most successful leaders are those who assist their subordinates go down the path to receiving valued rewards (Indvik, 1986). The theory states that leader behaviour must be motivating and gratifying to the level that it clarifies the aims and the paths to the goals and as a result increases goal attainment, hence success, thus increasing the work performance of the employees (Evans, 1970). From this, we can gain the basic idea behind the path-goal theory as being the following shown in Figure 1.1 (Northouse, 2007): The path-goal theory is a very complex concept, as you look further into it. An array of factors and characteristics, such as leadership behaviour, subordinate characteristics and task characteristics are evident when looking at this concept of path-goal theory (Northouse, 2007). Even though there are potentially many different leadership styles, this theory approach has broken down these styles into four distinct leadership styles (House Mitchell, 1974). Directive Leadership: this style is where the leader would tell the workers what to do and what is expected and provide detailed guidance, standards of work, and schedules of work to assist performance Supportive Leadership: in this style, the leader treats its subordinates as an equal member of the organisation, and would go out of their way to ensure the well being, personal needs and status of the employees are maintained pleasantly. In addition to this, there would be interpersonal relationships developed as a result of this leadership style. Participative Leadership: this is a more democratic leadership style, whereby the subordinates are involved in the decision-making process of the organisation. The leader would consult the employees and take into account their opinions when making decision on how the group will tackle the task. Achievement-orientated Leadership: leaders set high targets and challenging goals for the subordinate to achieve, and therefore expects them to perform at their highest standard. However, achievement-orientated leaders show large amounts of confidence in their workers to achieve the goals set out. In comparison to Fiedlers Contingency Theory (Fiedler, 1967), which advocates that leadership style is resistant to change, the path-goal theory is one where the same manager can execute the four different styles of leadership behaviour during different situations at different times. However, it must be taken into consideration that although path-goal model fails to explain how to identify the most appropriate leadership style, the theory does give a series of situational factors that need to be taken into account when making the decision on the style of leadership. From this, we can see, in Figure 1.2, the major components of the path-goal theory, putting everything discussed so far into a visual model (Northouse, 2007). Strengths and Weaknesses of the Path-Goal Theory The path goal theory has both strengths and weaknesses. One key positive of this model is the fact that it is the first attempt to provide an expanded framework which brings together the previous works of contingent and situational leadership as well as the expectancy theory (Jermier, 1996). Furthermore, the path-goal theory is one where attempts have been made to incorporate motivation principles from the expectancy theory into the theory of leadership, and from my further reading, this seems to be a unique characteristic, as no other leadership theory has this relationship with the principles of motivation. In addition to all of this, the path-goal theory has a clear direction, and a path, so to speak. It definitive as to what the managers need to do with their subordinates and it defines very practical and clear roles for a leader. It ensures that questions are constantly being asked of improvements in work performance to reach the mutual objectives of all. On the other hand, there are also many criticisms that are to be addressed. This model is regarded to be a very complex theory since it considers many parameters and therefore requires extensive analysis of those parameters to effectively choose the correct leadership style for the situation at hand. Additionally, another limitation has come about from the relationships detailed by the path-goal model. These have been the subjects of a number of empirical studies to test the validity of the theory (Schriesheim Kerr, 1997; Schriesheim Schriesheim, 1980; Schriesheim Von Glinow, 1977; Stinson Johnson, 1975; Wofford Liska, 1993). In some of this research, it is apparent that leader direction is strongly related to the workers satisfaction when tasks are ambiguous, however other pieces of research fail to agree on this. Another factor to be noted as a criticism of this theory is element that not all aspects of the theory have been given the same amount of attention and detail in the creation of the model, as well as much of the research to date only involving partial aspects of the model (Faulk Wendler, 1982), it is evident that a good level of detail has gone into the aspects of directive and supportive leadership, unlike the other two styles, participated and achievement-orientated, have fewer studies addressing them. It is therefore that the claims of this model will remain tentative due to the lack of a full picture in the research findings and not being able to have consistent corollaries of path-goal theory (Evans, 1996; Jermier, 1996; Schriesheim Neider, 1996). This extent research has tested the theorys predictions regarding the moderators of lead ­ership effectiveness, and how to assess as to whether the situational variables interrelate with the leadership styles in the predicted approach. It can be verified that the model is successful in predicting how the situational variables and leadership styles come together to influence individual satisfaction. However, the model seems not be a good predictor of a group or even and individual performance. The final criticism that can be made of the path-goal theory concerns an indirect outcome as a result of implementing such a theory. The model greatly relies on leaders to give full direction, coaching and guidance to their subordinates and it is the leaders who define the goals and assist them in their path to success and achieving these objectives. This therefore means that there is an enormous reliance on the leaders from the workforce, disregarding independence. As a result subordinates are dependent and reliant on the leaders and managers to get through the obstacles during the path to the goal, and hence, this theory fails to recognise and utilise the full abilities and skills of the subordinates, asking questions of the subordinates in the firm rather than the leaders, and originally mentioned in the original theory (Green, 1979). In some ways we can see that the major disadvantage in trying to authenticate the model empirically, is the fact that the model contains too many variables and simply tries to explain too much, making it very complex. Therefore, conducting an experiment examining the full path-goal theory of leadership will be difficult because of the numerous variables. Nonetheless, the studies that are available tend to support the model, even though they suggest that it understates the intricacy of the situation. Adding to this, the research mentioned recommend that other variables, such as structure and conflict, also need to be integrated into it. Conclusion The path-goal theory was developed for leaders to help and assist them in motivating subordinates to be productive, efficient and increase job satisfaction. Due to it being a theory that is based upon the task, the behaviour of the leader as well as the contributions of the subordinates, it can be classed as a contingency theory, one of which has been derived and created from the expectancy theory. An expectancy theory is one about the mental processes regarding choosing or making a choice. It explains the processes that an individual undergoes to make choices. On the other hand a contingency theory can be defined as the theory that explains how different management styles will be more effective in different situations. Looking at the four different leadership styles, it gives the leader room for change and provides a more dynamic approach to this aspect of business. It is certain to say that leadership does affect and employees work performance. As to what extent by which it is affected, that is something that is subject to a matter of individual opinion. Referring back to my stance, it can be believed that there is a strong positive relation between a good leader and subsequently increased work performance by the subordinates. Theories and models such as this, the path-goal model, provide a great guidance to leaders and manager as to how they can be effective themselves, in order for this to be passed down the hierarchy in the firm. This model gives some structure an despite the fact that it does have many criticisms and drawbacks it is one that offers a large et of predictions and assumptions as to how leaders interact with their subordinates, and the idea of steering them down the right path in order to achieve this common goal and objective with a reward that motivates them, achieving goal attractiveness is a great one, and perfectly sums up this theory and its objectives. Being one of the first models to provide an expanded framework, which brings together the previous works of contingent and situational leadership, it is far more complex than what one would initially think. It proves that leadership is effective and useful, especially when tasks are unclear and/or the subordinates are autonomous, and choosing the right leadership style is essential in motivating employees and increasing their work performance. It is therefore that I believe that leadership does greatly affect and influence employee work per formance, looking at it through the analysis of the path-goal theory of leader effectiveness.