Federal National Mortgage Association(FANNIE MAE) and Federal Home Essay

Federal National Mortgage Association(FANNIE MAE) and Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (FREDDIE MAC) and the Housing Crisis - Essay Example It allowed for banks charging low mortgage interest rates to encourage anyone interested in buying a home. It led to the creating a secondary market for mortgages. In this market, companies like Fannie Mae borrowed money from foreign markets at minimal interest rates since they were financially supported by the US Government. This enabled Fannie Mae to give fixed rate mortgage that have a very low deposit to any home buyer. Fannie Mae monopolized the secondary market for the first thirty years after its inception. In 1968, the Vietnam War created great fiscal pressure. This led to Fannie Mae’s privatization and its removal from the national budget by President Johnson. This is when it started to operate as a Government Supported Enterprise, GSE. It made profits for its shareholders and at the same time enjoyed being exempted from tax and oversight, despite being backed by the government. To prevent any further monopoly, another Government Supported Enterprise was formed in 1970. It was known as Freddie Mac. These two companies currently command a 90 per cent of the national secondary mortgage market. GSEs have experienced great growth financially over the years. Their combined asset base is currently at 45 per cent more than those of the biggest bank in the country. However, their combined debt equals 46 per cent of the present national debts. This high growth as well as over-leveraging has caused concerns in the Congress, the SEC and the Justice Department regarding their financial practices. Freddie Mac and Fannie Mae happen to be the only corporations in the Fortune 500 league that do dot abide by the requirement to furnish the public about any difficulties in finances they undergo. In case they collapse, the taxpayers will have to foot the multi-billion dollar outstanding debt. A recent probe into Freddie Mac by the SEC and the Justice Department discovered accounting errors to the tune

Tourism in Dubai Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Tourism in Dubai - Research Paper Example Sources indicate that Dubai is using resources to tap into new emerging markets, which allows them to raise their position in already established/developedregions. All this is being done in a bid to increase the revenue the region rakes in annually, while it hopes to become one of the largest tourist destinations in the globe. This paper will analyze tourism in Dubai, and the potential the region has in terms of increase in growth for different areas in the economy. In 2011, Dubai boasted of an increase in the number of tourists who visited hotel apartments and hotels. This is from approximately 8 million in 2010, to over 9 million guests the following year. The initiatives in place guarantee that the emirates is the place to be once people decide to go on vacation, events, or business trips. The vibrant and dynamic nature of the tourism sector is being reflected by the hotels, hotel apartments, and the cruise passenger liners that attract more customers to the emirates (Nadeem 46). There are many factors that come into play when the success of Dubai is mentioned. The travel industry is one area that has played a part in the growth of the region’s success. Enhanced networking makes it possible for different sectors to chip in and aid in the success of the region. Dubai is now capable of reaching more people as a result of these diverse networks, which is aiding in the development and growth process of the UAE. There are regulations that need to be followed prior to visiting Dubai. As one of the seven emirates of the UAE, Dubai is one of the most prosperous regions in the Arab peninsula. The tourism sector has had a lot to do with this success, but to comprehend the nature of the region; one has to comprehend the regulations that govern the region. It is impossible to gain access to Dubai without a visa. Dubai can grant permits to citizens of certain regions upon arrival to the UAE, but they have limits. Also, visitors may be allowed permission to stay if they get sponsorship from citizens in the region, or any company that may be licensed to operate in Dubai. All these are ways in which the region can monitor the coming and going of foreign individuals. Awareness of the market presented by Dubai is created every day for people to realize that there are tremendous opportunities in the region (Page 97). This makes it even easier for people to get access to the region, increasing the chances of the region’s growth. Culturally, as with any region, there are different behavioralrestrictions that govern people living in Dubai. Since the tourism industry is booming and is attracting a large number of individuals of foreign descent, hotels and hotel apartments note that some of the things that may be considered normal in other developed countries may not necessarily be normal in Dubai. An example would be the strict adherence of Muslim laws, even if one may not be affiliated with the religion (Page 103). It is crucial to follow some of the cultures, for example; visits in the month of Ramadan may require individuals not to eat or drink in public as per the custom of the people. Moreover, decency in public is considered a moral obligation for individuals in Dubai. One is prohibited from wearing swim suits or even bikinis, unless they are on the beach. Tourists have to adhere to these restrictions regardless of whether they are Muslim or not. There are

Understanding Organisational Behaviour And Leadership Management Essay

Understanding Organisational Behaviour And Leadership Management Essay Leadership is a vital and pivotal role in any organisation, regardless of size. It can be in the form of a single person in a small sole-trader like business, or in the complex structure of a multinational corporation. Leadership is essential for organisations to achieve their goals, and to manage their employees in the process. I will be looking into the theories of leadership and assessing how they affect the work performance of employees, in terms of motivation and efficiency. In particular, I will discuss the path-goal theory, and how it links into the different styles of management affecting employee work performance, as well as the benefits and criticisms of the model, and finishing with a conclusion as to what my stance is on the subject of leadership affecting work performance and to what extent performance is affected by leadership and theories such as this. From preliminary reading and understanding of this area in the subject of organisational behaviour, my viewpoint can come to assume that leadership does have an effect on an employees performance, and that the style and method of leadership does have a positive correlation on the mentioned relationship. The Path-Goal Theory The performance of employees in an organisation is much dependant on the leadership they have. Leadership has to be effective and tailored to the particular situation to ensure that the optimum efficiency is achieved. The path-goal theory of leadership effectiveness, developed by Robert House in 1976, is a transactional leadership theory that explains how leadership should be carried out in a manner that brings out the best in the employees abilities and is dependent on the efficiency, motivation and satisfaction of the employees in an organisation. The theory outlines how leadership behaviour and the employees abilities will lead to a particular path that will achieve the outcome, the goal (House, 1996). This goal would be a mutual goal of the worker and the organisation. Different leadership styles are needed, in terms of leadership behaviour, depending on the demands and circumstance of the particular state of affairs (House, 1971). Looking at the theory in more detail, this situational leadership theory explains how an individuals attitudes and their behaviour are in ­fluenced by the link between their effort and performance, the goal paths, and the attractiveness of the rewards, which is the goal attractiveness, being it the leaders job for this direction (Strebel, 1994). Therefore, these individuals would be productive, and their desires fulfilled when they see a strong connection between their effort and performance and when this results in highly appreciated rewards. House argues that the most successful leaders are those who assist their subordinates go down the path to receiving valued rewards (Indvik, 1986). The theory states that leader behaviour must be motivating and gratifying to the level that it clarifies the aims and the paths to the goals and as a result increases goal attainment, hence success, thus increasing the work performance of the employees (Evans, 1970). From this, we can gain the basic idea behind the path-goal theory as being the following shown in Figure 1.1 (Northouse, 2007): The path-goal theory is a very complex concept, as you look further into it. An array of factors and characteristics, such as leadership behaviour, subordinate characteristics and task characteristics are evident when looking at this concept of path-goal theory (Northouse, 2007). Even though there are potentially many different leadership styles, this theory approach has broken down these styles into four distinct leadership styles (House Mitchell, 1974). Directive Leadership: this style is where the leader would tell the workers what to do and what is expected and provide detailed guidance, standards of work, and schedules of work to assist performance Supportive Leadership: in this style, the leader treats its subordinates as an equal member of the organisation, and would go out of their way to ensure the well being, personal needs and status of the employees are maintained pleasantly. In addition to this, there would be interpersonal relationships developed as a result of this leadership style. Participative Leadership: this is a more democratic leadership style, whereby the subordinates are involved in the decision-making process of the organisation. The leader would consult the employees and take into account their opinions when making decision on how the group will tackle the task. Achievement-orientated Leadership: leaders set high targets and challenging goals for the subordinate to achieve, and therefore expects them to perform at their highest standard. However, achievement-orientated leaders show large amounts of confidence in their workers to achieve the goals set out. In comparison to Fiedlers Contingency Theory (Fiedler, 1967), which advocates that leadership style is resistant to change, the path-goal theory is one where the same manager can execute the four different styles of leadership behaviour during different situations at different times. However, it must be taken into consideration that although path-goal model fails to explain how to identify the most appropriate leadership style, the theory does give a series of situational factors that need to be taken into account when making the decision on the style of leadership. From this, we can see, in Figure 1.2, the major components of the path-goal theory, putting everything discussed so far into a visual model (Northouse, 2007). Strengths and Weaknesses of the Path-Goal Theory The path goal theory has both strengths and weaknesses. One key positive of this model is the fact that it is the first attempt to provide an expanded framework which brings together the previous works of contingent and situational leadership as well as the expectancy theory (Jermier, 1996). Furthermore, the path-goal theory is one where attempts have been made to incorporate motivation principles from the expectancy theory into the theory of leadership, and from my further reading, this seems to be a unique characteristic, as no other leadership theory has this relationship with the principles of motivation. In addition to all of this, the path-goal theory has a clear direction, and a path, so to speak. It definitive as to what the managers need to do with their subordinates and it defines very practical and clear roles for a leader. It ensures that questions are constantly being asked of improvements in work performance to reach the mutual objectives of all. On the other hand, there are also many criticisms that are to be addressed. This model is regarded to be a very complex theory since it considers many parameters and therefore requires extensive analysis of those parameters to effectively choose the correct leadership style for the situation at hand. Additionally, another limitation has come about from the relationships detailed by the path-goal model. These have been the subjects of a number of empirical studies to test the validity of the theory (Schriesheim Kerr, 1997; Schriesheim Schriesheim, 1980; Schriesheim Von Glinow, 1977; Stinson Johnson, 1975; Wofford Liska, 1993). In some of this research, it is apparent that leader direction is strongly related to the workers satisfaction when tasks are ambiguous, however other pieces of research fail to agree on this. Another factor to be noted as a criticism of this theory is element that not all aspects of the theory have been given the same amount of attention and detail in the creation of the model, as well as much of the research to date only involving partial aspects of the model (Faulk Wendler, 1982), it is evident that a good level of detail has gone into the aspects of directive and supportive leadership, unlike the other two styles, participated and achievement-orientated, have fewer studies addressing them. It is therefore that the claims of this model will remain tentative due to the lack of a full picture in the research findings and not being able to have consistent corollaries of path-goal theory (Evans, 1996; Jermier, 1996; Schriesheim Neider, 1996). This extent research has tested the theorys predictions regarding the moderators of lead ­ership effectiveness, and how to assess as to whether the situational variables interrelate with the leadership styles in the predicted approach. It can be verified that the model is successful in predicting how the situational variables and leadership styles come together to influence individual satisfaction. However, the model seems not be a good predictor of a group or even and individual performance. The final criticism that can be made of the path-goal theory concerns an indirect outcome as a result of implementing such a theory. The model greatly relies on leaders to give full direction, coaching and guidance to their subordinates and it is the leaders who define the goals and assist them in their path to success and achieving these objectives. This therefore means that there is an enormous reliance on the leaders from the workforce, disregarding independence. As a result subordinates are dependent and reliant on the leaders and managers to get through the obstacles during the path to the goal, and hence, this theory fails to recognise and utilise the full abilities and skills of the subordinates, asking questions of the subordinates in the firm rather than the leaders, and originally mentioned in the original theory (Green, 1979). In some ways we can see that the major disadvantage in trying to authenticate the model empirically, is the fact that the model contains too many variables and simply tries to explain too much, making it very complex. Therefore, conducting an experiment examining the full path-goal theory of leadership will be difficult because of the numerous variables. Nonetheless, the studies that are available tend to support the model, even though they suggest that it understates the intricacy of the situation. Adding to this, the research mentioned recommend that other variables, such as structure and conflict, also need to be integrated into it. Conclusion The path-goal theory was developed for leaders to help and assist them in motivating subordinates to be productive, efficient and increase job satisfaction. Due to it being a theory that is based upon the task, the behaviour of the leader as well as the contributions of the subordinates, it can be classed as a contingency theory, one of which has been derived and created from the expectancy theory. An expectancy theory is one about the mental processes regarding choosing or making a choice. It explains the processes that an individual undergoes to make choices. On the other hand a contingency theory can be defined as the theory that explains how different management styles will be more effective in different situations. Looking at the four different leadership styles, it gives the leader room for change and provides a more dynamic approach to this aspect of business. It is certain to say that leadership does affect and employees work performance. As to what extent by which it is affected, that is something that is subject to a matter of individual opinion. Referring back to my stance, it can be believed that there is a strong positive relation between a good leader and subsequently increased work performance by the subordinates. Theories and models such as this, the path-goal model, provide a great guidance to leaders and manager as to how they can be effective themselves, in order for this to be passed down the hierarchy in the firm. This model gives some structure an despite the fact that it does have many criticisms and drawbacks it is one that offers a large et of predictions and assumptions as to how leaders interact with their subordinates, and the idea of steering them down the right path in order to achieve this common goal and objective with a reward that motivates them, achieving goal attractiveness is a great one, and perfectly sums up this theory and its objectives. Being one of the first models to provide an expanded framework, which brings together the previous works of contingent and situational leadership, it is far more complex than what one would initially think. It proves that leadership is effective and useful, especially when tasks are unclear and/or the subordinates are autonomous, and choosing the right leadership style is essential in motivating employees and increasing their work performance. It is therefore that I believe that leadership does greatly affect and influence employee work per formance, looking at it through the analysis of the path-goal theory of leader effectiveness.

Brian Friels Translations Essay -- Brian Friel Translations Essays

Brian Friel's "Translations" 'Translations' by Brian Friel can be appreciated and understood without knowledge of Irelands social, political and linguistic history. It can be enjoyed simply as a drama that incorporates comedy, tragedy and romance. However, with a greater understanding of Irelands history, such as the effect the 'great famine' had on the ordinary people of Ireland the play * In 'Translations' the people of Baile Beag show hostility towards the English army who have been sent to anglicise the place names of the area. For hundreds of years the English had made incursions in to Ireland. Many rebellions followed the conquest of Ireland, after which Queen Mary Tudor became the Queen of England and Ireland and the people of Ireland came under the control of the British government. There were attempts in the C16 to settle English colonies in Lenster and Munster but these were unsuccessful. In the C17 land was taken from Irish Earls and divided between Scottish Presbyterians. Rebellion followed in the reign of Charles 1 and this took the form of Catholic...

Philosophy Reflection Paper Essay

The Oxford English Dictionary defines philosophy as â€Å"Knowledge, learning, scholarship; a body of knowledge; spec. advanced knowledge or learning.† By this definition we can gather that philosophy is, essentially, the pursuit of knowledge or understanding on a much higher level than usual. In the following paper I will present my views on philosophy as a whole by examining what I believe philosophy is supposed to do, as well as how it can benefit the life of any individual willing to invest time in it and the societies that promote such thoughts. Ever since its very beginnings in 6th century BCE, philosophy has been used as a tool to help better understand complex questions regarding logic, knowledge, truth, and even human existence itself. I have long considered philosophy to be a method of deeper understanding when it comes to the human life. Why is this? Perhaps it is because a large part of philosophy is focused on argument, debate, and overall interaction with fellow humans, as opposed to other methods that do not focus on these aspects. It is my belief that if we were to attempt to answer by ourselves the difficult questions life poses, then our lives would be very dull and difficult to properly question. Allow me to expand on what I briefly mentioned at the end of the previous paragraph. Each and every one of us is, in my opinion, a prisoner of our respective perception. From birth our minds are plagued by outside influences that shape our mind regardless of how much we try to avoid it. These influences can take on many different forms such as: media, parents, teachers, etc. What ideologies these influences plant in our minds also depends on a number of variables such: nationality, class, race, etc. This, in turn, leads to bias and prevents anyone from being 100% subjective in any matter. We cannot know any one thing or pass off one of our perceptions as absolute truth. In fact, what you are currently reading is only my interpretation of what I have perceived. Therefore, the only way to truly gain an improved understanding of our life and the world we live in is to explore our different perceptions by sharing and challenging these views with others in debate and/or argument. As Socrates once said, â€Å"The unexamined life is not worth living.† In other words, if you are not going  to break out of your own prison of perception, then your life will be bland and very difficult. Approaching matters in a philosophical fashion is great for people as individuals, but it is also extremely important in societies as a whole. When members of a particular society strive to be thoughtful of their own views instead of just bashing the views of others, then there is an increase of tolerance and open-mindedness. Through this tolerance the society can then obtain a higher sense of fraternity and respect for one another. Societies that promote debate and an open-minded outlook tend to be more democratic and infringe on the rights of the people less. Take Ancient Greece for example, Ancient Greece is where philosophy was born and just also happened to be unlike any other society at the time. Slavery did exist and the women were not considered true citizens, but when compared to other, much more tribal cultures at the time, the Greek people experienced a freedom unheard of in any other part of the world. Modern countries would do well to incorporate philosophy in areas such as: government/politics, education, etc., and thankfully many do. Given the topics discussed in this paper, I find it hard to believe that the introduction of philosophy into one’s life would not be beneficial in many ways. Analysis and consideration of all views, the careful contemplation of oneself and the environment around them, and the intellectual freedom and open-mindedness that such a practice lends to the societies it is promoted within. I can say with confidence that I believe philosophy is an integral part of human life and should be promoted on an international scale in order for countries to work together to logically solve global problems. â€Å"Philosophy is the highest music.† – Plato â€Å"Philosophy.† Def 1. Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. Draft Revision Sep. 2010

English Literature Essay

Hannam University Department: English Language and Literature. Degree: Masters of English Language & Literature. Title: The Kite Runner: The novel presents the story of a country and people in turmoil. An abridgment of a THESIS Presented to Professor Kim Ilgu, the Faculty of the Department of English Language & Literature of the Hannam University in Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Masters of English Language & Literature. By Uttam Mallick Student ID: 20114012 An brief overview of Khaled Hosseini, The Kite Runner—Stories Views on education: Khaled Hosseini is an Afghan-born American novelist and physician. He is a citizen of the United States where he has lived since he was fifteen years old. Khaled Hosseini is the first Afghan-American writer to publish a work of fiction in English in the United States. The Kite Runner is Hosseini’s first novel, and his book has achieved a significant amount of success since its publication in 2003-now in its seventeenth printing with over 1. 4 million copies sold-and has repeatedly appeared on the New York Times Best Sellers List over the last three years. Even though bookstores and libraries have been inundated with literature about Afghanistan and Iraq, none appear to have achieved the same amount of recognition or success as The Kite Runner. Since the nineteenth century, critics have called into question the literary merits of sentimental fiction for its seemingly unskilled rhetoric and inauthentic sentiment. Although the aesthetic purpose of sentimental literature has been repeatedly trivialized by literary critics, sentimental imagery, language and themes have been effectively utilized by various authors in the past to critique controversial social, historical and political practices of the times, such as slavery in Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852), and continue to be effectively utilized by contemporary authors, such as perceptions of Afghanistan and its people in Khaled Hosseini’s The Kite Runner. To complete my final thesis, I will use books and reviews or published by scholarly journals as well as major and minor newspapers to analyze the popularity of the novel, including its literary strengths and weaknesses. I will try to use my own knowledge and criticism about the country and people in turmoil. Some scholarly articles on Afghanistan published shortly after 9/11 will be used to provide a social and historical context for Hosseini’s novel. Lastly, I will use both scholarly articles and books to explain the concept of â€Å"sentimentality† and â€Å"emotional narratives,† and their cultural importance, which will help me further articulate my critical approach to Hosseini’s text. Source of Data: For the research must be my own idea with some paper secondary data will be used.

How to Write a Classification Essay in Education

How to Write a Classification Essay in Education First of all, let us define what a classification essay is. The paper is a type of college task that wants you, the author, to classify characters, things, ideas, events or objects into specific categories or groups. At first, the projects may seem quite daunting, but once you understand the process, you’ll get to realize that things aren’t that bad after all. There are three main goals why your college professor might want you to write a classification essay to: categorize certain topics; make sure a single arranging approach is being used everywhere; provide the variety of examples that belong to every cluster. The way you group things in your classification essay depends on their specific traits. Basically, you’re required to clarify the type of the evaluation principle to be used for categorization and grouping of the issues. If you’re writing a classification essay about education, you have a great assortment of subjects to talk about. We’ll discuss them later. Find Interesting Ideas Before you do the research part or write the essay, you have to get as many ideas as you can. If, for instance, your college professors wants you to produce a classification essay in education, but he or she doesn’t assign the specific topic, what are you going to write about? In order to provide you with a better idea of the essay, here are some classification essay titles for college and university students to serve as good examples: Types of Religions And Religious People; People’s Attitudes Towards Same-Sex Marriages; Types of Dictatorship Societies; Types of Ancient Literature; Types of Habits; Types of Dance Styles. As you can see, one may take any sort of idea that attracts his or her attention and turn it into a good topic. To make it a complete project, you will need to take a look at the topic from different angles and categorize it in various classes. If you have a task to write a classification essay in education, a preliminary research is the first step you should take. Pick the topic you’re passionate about. Then, find out what information related to it is available either online or in printed literature resources. Is it possible to get any ideas for classification? Is there a sufficient amount of important information available to support all of your arguments? If you choose a perfect topic and get enough material to work with, you’ll be inspired to manage your time well and write an A+ essay. The sector of education provides students with a lot of topics for every taste: Reasons for (Not) Attending College; Types of Lectures That You’re Likely to Meet on Campus; Methods of Studying for a Final Exam; Types of Students’ Vacation Destinations; Types of Students in College; Ways of Saving Money in College; Different Ways to Use Social Networking Websites for Education; Different School Systems Around the World; Different Forms of University Extracurricular Activities. Chances are classification essay topics on education may appear to be easier and effortless to deal with for college students. You have an opportunity to write an essay on classes, exams, lecturers, students, the teaching methods and so on and so forth. Write the Thesis Statement The thesis statement is the foundation for a classification essay. It should help your readers to understand the key point of the paper. In case with the classification essays, the thesis statement should identify the main approaches that the author is going to examine. The thesis sets a range of expectations for the readers that you have to meet in the paper later. The example of the thesis statement for the classification essay about ‘The Importance of College Education’ could be like this: ‘There are many benefits that make college education an important part of life, and this classification essay shall attempt to do classification of some of the advantages that a person can reap from a college education.’ Write a Classification Essay Outline Many students don’t like outlines and they skip this part at whatever cost. Don’t be like that. The point here is that you can’t keep the main point and logical flow of essay ideas in mind without a strong writing plan. An outline will keep you on track as your write your essay. It is recommended to use the five-paragraph structure to write a classification essay. It means that you have to decide on three different categories and follow the outline: The introduction with the thesis statement. The body paragraph 1 (Category 1) The body paragraph 2 (Category 2) The body paragraph 3 (Category 3) The conclusion The references To make sure you understand how it works, take a look at the example of the classification essay about social networking. You can use it as your own template. I. Introduction Social networks are among the most important elements of life in modern society. Due to multipurpose essence of the social networks, various ways of to use social networking websites for education have emerged recently. Thesis: The three main ways to use the social networking websites for education exist today: to maintain relations, as a valuable tool for online public discussions, and a professional tool that students use to market themselves and their products. II. Category I: To maintain relations For communication needs. To learn about social events. To get a sense of being part of peering network. III. Category II: A valuable tool for lecturers Lecturers post their assignments online. Students interact with the lecturers. Public discussions. IV. A professional tool for students Students promote themselves. Students market their products. Students contact potential employers. Focus on the Research Don’t skip this important step because you need as much information about your topic as possible. Do comprehensive research to make sure you have enough details needed to explain all categories you’re going to include in the essay. A good plan requires time, so make sure to have enough of it as well. You already know what categories you’re going to work on and you provided them in the outline. Now you have to be attentive and find as much information as you can about every category. When it’s time to cite authoritative and trustworthy resources in your classification essay, remember that by doing so you make your paper more credible. First of all, you will have to define or describe every category. Look for the right terms and definitions that are information, concise, clear, and proper in the area of education. Make a list of the general characteristics of all categories, as well as think about how you’re going to describe them in the essay. Chances are you will see that there are certain differences and similarities between every category. But when you work on the classification essay you are allowed to do some comparison-contrast. If you find some interesting ideas in the process of your research, do not forget to place every piece of information into your outline (the one we created above). However, you shouldn’t forget about keeping track of your resources. You will need to reference them later, which means it is important to be aware of where this or that idea was taken from. Write the Classification Essay: The Introduction, the Body and the Conclusion Now it’s time to start writing the classification essay. By this moment you’re done with all the preparation stages, which means writing an essay won’t be that difficult. You already have all information about education at hand. Besides, you’ve made a great outline. Now, all you have to do is to tie all elements together to make sure your essay turns into a well-set mechanism. The Introduction. Usually college students have no idea how to start the classification essay correctly. The introduction is provided for you to be able to identify the subject. You can’t talk about all the categories straight away. First of all, you have to state the overall concept that you’re getting ready to classify. To attract your readers’ interest, it is recommended to give some informative or descriptive details about your paper’s title. Then you insert your thesis statement and make sure that it explains the exact classification that you’ll talk about in the next paragraphs. The Body. How many categories are you going to provide in your classification essay? That’s how many paragraphs you should insert into your body. This type of essay doesn’t have to include five paragraphs just like the other standards projects. In this case you have to format the essay according to the number of categories that you’re going to write about. It’s better to not provide too many categories because they will make your essay unclear. It’s important to stay on-point and specific. Every paragraph should have a topic sentence as a starting point. This will help you identify the specific category. Then you will give more details to get into the specifics of the category. Don’t forget about the fact that all paragraphs in your classification essay should flow logically. In other words, one thing should lead to the other. For example, you may start with the most common facts and go on with less familiar things. Or you can do it straight vice versa: begin with the least effective things and proceed with the most effective ones. The key here is to make sure your text flows logically. Conclusion. Finally, you have to summarize all points that you’ve classified in your essay in a clear conclusion. It is important to go over various approaches and types that you mentioned in the paper. Besides, you can give some brief final comments on each, but ensure to remain non-repetitive. Do the Revisions of the Classification Essay It was definitely not an easy task to get to this point. You did a monotonous and in-depth research and precise writing. And it’s no wonder that you may decide to skip the editing work because you just don’t feel like you can cope with it. No matter how tempting it is for you to leave your classification essay just like that, you have to re-read it and revise. At this moment, your essay will be ready. If you get lazy and don’t revise it, you will provide an incomplete essay full of errors. This will negatively impact on your grades in general. You don’t want that, do you? Do the large review of your classification essay. You have to simply re-read your essay from beginning to end. Do you think that the essay content doesn’t flow logically and has some gaps? If yes, find more information to cover the gaps. If you see that one of your paragraphs in the body part is longer or shorter than the other paragraphs, do edit them. Make sure your message is clear. Eliminate all unnecessary words and complex phrases. Proofread the essay in order to make sure that it doesn’t contain any grammatical mistakes. The classification essay in education must be based on an understandable message and have a good organization. Without a doubt, the classification essay takes more efforts and time in contrast to the other types of academic projects. Nonetheless, the right outline and interesting topic give you enough space to express your creativity. Even though writing a classification essay in education may seem like another boring college task, you can make it really enjoyable if you use the right tips and recommendations.

Helen Keller Quotes That Inspire

Helen Keller Quotes That Inspire Although Helen Keller lost her sight and hearing at an early age, she lived a long and productive life as an author and activist. She was a pacifist during World War I and a socialist, an advocate for womens rights and a member of the fledgling American Civil Liberties Union. Helen Keller traveled to 35 countries during her lifetime to support the rights of the blind. Her indomitable spirit saw her through her handicap. Her words speak of the wisdom and strength that was the essence of her life. Helen Kellers Thoughts on Optimism Keep your face to the sunshine and you cannot see the shadows. Optimism is the faith that leads to achievement. Nothing can be done without hope and confidence. Believe. No pessimist ever discovered the secrets of the stars or sailed to an uncharted land or opened a new heaven to the human spirit. What I am looking for is not out there; it is in me. When one door of happiness closes, another opens; but often we look so long at the closed door that we do not see the one which has been opened for us. Be of good cheer. Do not think of todays failures, but of the success that may come tomorrow. You have set yourself a difficult task, but you will succeed if you  persevere, and  you will find a joy in overcoming obstacles. Never bend your head. Always hold it high. Look the world right in the eye. The Importance of Faith Faith is the strength by which a shattered world shall emerge into the light. I believe in the immortality of the soul because I have within me immortal longings. It gives me a deep, comforting sense that things seen are temporal and things unseen are eternal. About Ambition It is for us to pray not for tasks equal to our powers, but for powers equal to our tasks, to go forward with a great desire forever beating at the door of our hearts as we travel toward our distant goal. One can never consent to creep when one feels an impulse to soar. The Joy of Companionship Walking with a friend in the dark is better than walking alone in the light. Relationships are like Rome- difficult to start out, incredible during the prosperity of the golden age, and unbearable during the fall. Then, a new kingdom will come along and the whole process will repeat itself until you come across a kingdom like Egypt ... that  thrives  and continues to flourish. This kingdom will become your best friend, your soul mate and your love. Our Ability We can do anything we want if we stick to it long enough. I am only  one; but  still, I am one. I cannot do everything, but  still, I can do something. I will not refuse to do something I can do. I long to accomplish a great and noble task, but it is my chief duty to accomplish small tasks as if they were great and noble. When we do the best we can, we never know what miracle is wrought in our life or in the life of another. Thoughts on Life The best and most beautiful things in life cannot be seen, not touched, but are felt in the heart. We would never learn to be brave and patient if there were only joy in the world. What we have once enjoyed we can never lose. All that we love deeply becomes a part of us. Life is a succession of lessons which must be lived to be understood. Life is an exciting business, and most exciting when it is lived for others. Believe, when you are most unhappy, that there is something for you to do in the world. So long as you can sweeten anothers pain, life is not in vain. True happiness ... is not attained through self-gratification, but through fidelity to a worthy purpose. The Beauty of Hope Once I knew only darkness and stillness. My life was without past or future. But a little word from the fingers of another fell into my hand that clutched at emptiness and my heart leaped to the rapture of living. Although the world is full of suffering, it is full also of the overcoming of it. Alone we can do so little; together we can do so much. To keep our faces toward change, and behave like free spirits in the presence of fate, is strength undefeatable. The Challenges We Face The marvelous richness of human experience would lose something of rewarding joy if there were no limitations to overcome. The hilltop hour would not be half so wonderful if there were no dark valleys to traverse. Character cannot be developed in ease and quiet. Only through experiences of trial and suffering can the soul be strengthened, vision cleared, ambition inspired and success achieved. I seldom think about my limitations, and they never make me sad. Perhaps there is just a touch of yearning at times; but it is vague, like a breeze among flowers. Self-pity is our worst enemy and if we yield to it, we can never do anything wise in the world. The most pathetic person in the world is someone who has sight but has no vision. Random Musings Our democracy is but a name. We vote. What does that mean? It means that we choose between two bodies of real- though not avowed- autocrats. We choose between Tweedledum and Tweedledee. People do not like to think. If one thinks, one must reach conclusions. Conclusions are not always pleasant. Science may have found a cure for most evils; but it has found no remedy for the worst of them all- the apathy of human beings. It is wonderful how much time good people spend fighting the devil. If they would only expend the same amount of energy loving their fellow men, the devil would die in his own tracks of ennui. Security is mostly a superstition. It does not exist in nature, nor do the children of men as a whole experience it. Avoiding danger is no safer in the long run than outright exposure. Life is either a daring  adventure  or nothing. Knowledge is love and light and vision. Toleration is the greatest gift of mind; it requires the same effort of the brain that it takes to balance oneself on a bicycle.

Osmolarity and Osmolality in Chemistry

Osmolarity and Osmolality in Chemistry Osmolarity and osmolality are units of solute concentration that are often used in reference to biochemistry and body fluids. While any polar solvent could be used, these units are used almost exclusively for aqueous (water) solutions. Learn what osmolarity and osmolality are and how to express them. Osmoles Both osmolarity and osmolality are defined in terms of osmoles. An osmole is a unit of measurement that describes the number of moles of a compound that contribute to the osmotic pressure of a chemical solution. The osmole is related to osmosis and is used in reference to a solution where osmotic pressure is important, such as blood and urine. Osmolarity Osmolarity is defined as the number of osmoles of solute per liter (L) of a solution. It is expressed in terms of osmol/L or Osm/L. Osmolarity depends on the number of particles in a chemical solution, but not on the identity of those molecules or ions. Sample Osmolarity Calculations A 1 mol/L NaCl solution has an osmolarity of 2 osmol/L. A mole of NaCl dissociates fully in water to yield  two moles  of particles: Na  ions and Cl-  ions. Each mole of NaCl becomes two osmoles in solution. A 1 M solution of sodium sulfate, Na2SO4, dissociates into 2 sodium ions and 1 sulfate anion, so each mole of sodium sulfate becomes 3 osmoles in solution (3 Osm). To find the osmolarity of a 0.3% NaCl solution, you first calculate the molarity of the salt solution and then convert the molarity to osmolarity. Convert percent to molarity:0.03 % 3 grams / 100 ml 3 grams / 0.1 L 30 g/Lmolarity NaCl moles / liter (30 g/L) x (1 mol / molecular weight of NaCl) Look up the atomic weights of Na and Cl on the periodic table and add the together to get the molecular weight. Na is 22.99 g and Cl is 35.45 g, so the molecular weight of NaCl is 22.99 35.45, which is 58.44 grams per mole. Plugging this in: molarity of the 3% salt solution (30 g/L) / (58.44 g/mol)molarity 0.51 M You know there are 2 osmoles of NaCl per mole, so: osmolarity of 3% NaCl molarity x 2osmolarity 0.51 x 2osmolarity 1.03 Osm Osmolality Osmolality is defined as the number of osmoles of solute per kilogram of solvent. It is expressed in terms of osmol/kg or Osm/kg. When the solvent is water, osmolarity and osmolality may be nearly the same under ordinary conditions, since the approximate density of water is 1 g/ml or 1 kg/L. The value changes as the temperature changes (e.g., the density of water at 100 C is 0.9974 kg/L). When to Use Osmolarity vs Osmolality Osmolality is convenient to use because the amount of solvent remains constant, regardless of changes in temperature and pressure. While osmolarity is easy to calculate, its less difficult to determine because the volume of a solution changes according to temperature and pressure. Osmolarity is most commonly used when all measurements are made at a constant temperature and pressure. Note a 1 molar (M) solution will usually have a higher concentration of solute than a 1 molal solution because solute accounts for some of the space in the solution volume.

The Banjo Lesson Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Banjo Lesson - Term Paper Example Eakins brought new painting methods such as carrying out studies of live models, overt discussion of male and female anatomy as well as dissections and bisections of cadavers to enable further comprehension and familiarity of the human body. Consequently, the ideologies of Eakins had tremendous impact on Tanner, who proved to be among Eakins’ favorite artists, thus, two years after Tanner’s departure from the academy, Eakins had to paint his portrait as an honor. During the entire period that Tanner was in the Academy, he secured thorough anatomy knowledge and was able to apply his comprehension of the weighty human figure structure to painting. Later on during the First World War, Tanner worked for the Public Information Department in the Red Cross and was able to paint real life images from the war. The Painting The Banjo Lesson was painted by Henry Ossawa Tanner in 1893 when he returned to visit Philadelphia in the United States from his newly found home in France. I n this painting, an elderly man is engrossed in teaching one who is assumed to be his grandchild the lessons of playing banjo. When given a first glance, one may not notice how tanner explored very important painting themes. In the culture of America, black community was highly regarded as a group of entertainers, and similarly, the painting of the black elderly man teaching how to play Banjo is seen in all the 19th century American art (Linn). This implies that the banjo instrument was closely associated with the black community. However, such paintings are always reduced and portrayed as minstrel type. In this regard, Tanner strives to work against the highly regarded stereotype by giving a much sensitive interpretation through his painting. The two protagonists in the painting portray a very important aspect in human life known as specific time of human interaction. Both the teacher and the learner are intimately attached on the important task right in front of them. The two are oblivious of the rest of the world around them, thus magnifying the sense of actual contact and meaningful cooperation. The painting portrays a real world and contact, ultimately achieving the most important ideology of Tanner of human quality exploration, through a masterful painting. Tanner successfully employed the difficult task of merging two different and varying sources of light. For instance, a natural white-blue light glow from outside comes in from the left side, while from the right, enters a warm light from the fireplace. The illumination of the picture is achieved where the two sources of light meet. Analysts have interpreted this aspect to imply Tanner’s personal transition between his American past and his new home in France. Tanner is considered to be amongst the most talented and highly esteemed African American painters. This is wholly attributed to his hard work in making painting a reality, since his painting mostly relied upon depicting accurate form of h uman nature as well as the natural surroundings. Throughout his entire life, he was fully devoted to carrying out studies of the world that he was living in, and most importantly, the actual people he encountered face to face. For instance, Linn asserts that the popularity as well as the importance of The Banjo Lesson was as a result of searching for post Civil Rights symbols of the African American heritage

Analysing the Environment Burden of Your Diet Essay

Analysing the Environment Burden of Your Diet - Essay Example The main objectives of the issue to be analyzed are what impact our food consumption has on the agricultural production. What changes can we bring in our daily diet so that the growing burden on our environment can be minimized. The diet consumed by different age groups as well as the gender differs greatly. The people who are involved in physical form of labor surely need a different and a healthier diet as compared to the ones who are not physically that active. We seriously need to examine the degradation of the environment, the consumption of nonrenewable resources, population growth and the possible decline in prosperity. Reduction of population density would ensure individual prosperity and quality environment for future generations. Today's consumption pattern of the world is undermining the base of the environmental resources and putting a great burden on it. The existing consumption pattern especially seen in certain countries can put great stain on the environment and its natural resources, which can have serious impact on the world society. But what needs to be analyzed is how much of the environmental degradation that we see today has resulted from overpopulation and how much of it is due to the exploitation and due to geopolitical interests and consumerism. Consumption is not the real issue; the problem is its pattern and effect. Globally, 20% of the people of the world in the highest income countries account for 86% of the total private consumption expenditures- the poorest 20% and the minuscule 1.3%. The following consumption pattern of the rich countries shows how stark the inequality of the above mentioned percentage is: Consume 45% of all meat and fish, the poorest fifth 5% Consume 58% of total energy, the poorest fifth less than 4% Have 74% of all the telephone lines, the poorest fifth 1.5% Consume 84% of all paper, the poorest fifth 1.1% Own 87% of the world's vehicle fleet, the poorest fifth less than 1% Runaway growth in consumption in the past 50 years is putting strains on the environment never seen before. The excessive use of petroleum and fossil fuels, plus erosion and other misuses of our natural resources are reducing the carrying capacity of our ecosystem. The concept of sustainable development is universally accepted as a means of protecting the environment for the whole of mankind and demands, that the future manufacturing technologies must be cleaner, yet economically strong and ecologically beneficial. To analyze how much intake of different food items is consumed by an individual, the following chart will be helpful. But again the diet taken by people of different age groups and gender will differ greatly. Given below is a chart describing the different food items consumed by "me" during the past week: Top of Form Bottom of Form This can be taken just as a rough guideline of the diet of an average person and can be used to analyze how much food is consumed by the huge population around the world. If we further go into details and see how much food "I" used in one week, we would need to see how much land per hectare was used to produce the fruits, vegetables and grains consumed; how much water for irrigation was needed; the fertilizer used and insecticide sprayed to

Research paper on Milton's Paradise Lost Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

On Milton's Paradise Lost - Research Paper Example In this sense, the book and the author direct that freewill is not free at all, as it should be interpreted in a literal sense, but is instead a will that remains arbitral based on who you ask. This is shown clearly with illustrations from then authority of the king in puritan times, as well as the application of freewill in following God’s will. The section that draws up the arbitral sense of freewill is drawn and illustrated by the use of strong words that go to the extent to show then following freewill in the sense of being godly is not all free. This is because it is imposition of God’s will upon man, which in the first place is meant for to occur and is part of a design by God to be in power. As a result, there is no way that man exercises freewill in any way as all aspects of will are manipulated by God by design and by default, from the moment that one commences exercising it (Barfoot 176). In addition, the book stats that man’s exertion of freewill is by no means free as it is an act of obedience to God begging the question how freewill is meant to be freewill and how it is independent of God and His power, as well as how it should be defined. The definition of the term freewill in the book remains wanting in that it does not show a distinct definition that can be applied for the purpose of identification of the action that man engages out of sheer freewill. Instead, the whole ordeal of defining what freewill is turned into a means of showing how God works to exert freewill and how freewill is supposed to manifest itself for the glory of God. This is because the book shows that almost every aspect of freewill, including its practice, is for the glory of God, as none of it remains directly under the control of man at any given time. With this in mind, the book describes the application of freewill in antics used to ensure obedience and devotion to a high authority. It is in this case that freewill is brought out at as a challenge to God’s authority as it requires a clear definition and distinction between the ways to obedience and devotion without the use of the above-mentioned default and manipulation by God. This is not clarified in the book, but instead shows the Adam and Eve scene in separation, where there are the words saying that God towards thee has done his part do thine (Bizik 70). This part is a clear illustration of freewill at work, where God gives man freewill, by creating it in the first place and allowing the two to choose between the choices, they were given. The above illustrates that there is no way that freewill is existent, and that it is merely a convenience for human rights forums. The translation of the above statement, therefore, is that God is the master of all, and that there is no way that man has freewill as even the choices given to Adam and Eve are only bound by the will of God and His need for devotion and obedience by man towards Him. It is because of this that manâ€⠄¢s will is not free as man’s will is subjected to God’s direction thus the mental faculties of man are not independent or free of the influence. Instead, man’s freewill is subordinate to God’s will and command, as well as system of beliefs and institutions

I haven't think about it, just leave it blank Essay

I haven't think about it, just leave it blank - Essay Example Every section complements the other, and the organization of the sections makes it easy for the reader to comprehend what the young woman went through in her life. Racial and color discrimination has always been there, perturbing the minds of people belonging to all ages; and, cultural implications impose great impacts on people’s perceptions of beauty and perfection (thesis). This paper tends to shed light on this thesis statement, while presenting examples from the text to show what the young lady has to tell the world about her experiences of color prejudice. In the skin section, Cofer tells the story how she got chicken pox when she was ten. Before then, she was a pretty girl in the eyes of her mother, but the chicken pox event snatched away all her confidence as she grew into adolescence. She says: â€Å"This was when I learned to be invisible† (Cofer 434). This shows how she lost all her self-assurance when a school nurse made her realize the ugliness of her skin. This section connects with the section of color that comes automatically in the reader’s mind, who wants to know whether the color of the skin compensated for her ugly skin or not. Peurto Ricans called her â€Å"pale† and â€Å"blanco† because she was fair skinned as compared to other Peurto Ricans. Even there, she would feel that she was an outcast. But, when she moved to the United States, she again failed to fit in the society, as she was darker than other American schoolmates. The irony comes here, when Cofer (434) states: â€Å"In the human world color triggers many more complex and even deadly reactions.† Cofer has tried to express the cruelty of humans by comparing them to animals. Animals consider color to be attractive yet dangerous; while, humans of color are considered unattractive and negligible. Cultural implications of color in Peruto Rico and America made the girl suffer from color complex. Her experiences of being driven away by a superma rket man and being rejected from a date by a white school boy strengthened the idea that she did not fit in the so-called humane society. Another cultural implication comes in the account of the girl’s size section. She is taller than her school mates in Peurto Rico. But, she is not as tall as her American friends. Hence, she is a tall Hispanic girl, but is short in America. Cofer has tried to express how people’s perceptions are linked to demographical backgrounds. She fears playing with her tall school mates no matter how much she tries. She uses irony to tell that the games which the Hispanic considered as fun are taken as â€Å"fierce competitions where everyone is out to â€Å"prove† they are better than others† (Cofer 437). Due to the size issue, the girl’s teachers always picked her in the end or never at all. This made her feel unwanted and inferior. â€Å"I wanted to be wanted† (Cofer 437) depicts the despair of the young girl becau se she wants to be loved and appreciated despite her inability to physically fit with the standards of others. In the looks section, Cofer states that she had to suffer from discrimination in this regard too, while the tragedy was that the cultural implications play their role here as well. She states: â€Å"I came there from Peurto Rico, thinking myself a pretty girl, and found that the hierarchy for popularity was as follows: pretty white girl, pretty Jewish girl, pretty Peurto Rican girl, pretty black girl†

Crito-King Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Crito-King - Essay Example In the case of Socrates' imprisonment, Plato's loyalty and love were put on trial as he felt the pressure of being ridiculed by others as to what kind of friend he is to Socrates. It is just appropriate to give credit to the concern that Plato has shown over the life of Socrates. The conversation reveals that he fears for Socrates' life, his family especially the education of Socrates' children and most especially he feared losing a good friend (Plato). This revelation as to what Plato really feels about Socrates' is a normal and valid show of love for a friend.On the other hand, Plato revealed that he feared another evil, and that is to be commented as having loved the money more than his friend (Plato). If he would not pay so that Socrates would escape, there will certainly be murmurs as to what he has done or what he has failed to do and for Plato this is another evil that haunts him, perhaps even more compelling than the pure reason of concern (Plato). In the time of adversity, w hen Plato's loyalty was on a test, he somewhat faltered. Another scripture says, "Faithful are the wounds of a friend" (Prov 27.6a). These words can be examined to mean that true friend can withstand seeing his friend suffer a pain if that would be for his good. In this test, Plato did not pass the test because he was not willing to allow Socrates to suffer for what is righteous. By and large, Plato failed to stand the test of a true friendship.I believe King would not try to convince Socrates to escape because the act of escaping is also in contrast to King's conviction. Before we finally seal the argument of King's possible advice to Socrates, it would worthwhile to clear the nature of and the virtue behind the act of escaping. Escaping is an act of turning around from the real issue, something like withdrawal from what one confronts. Escape is different from non-violent resistance as the latter implies direct confrontation of the matter while the former signifies breaking out of what one faces. Certainly, this is not what Martin Luther King personifies. In the "Letter from Birmingham Jail", Martin Luther King clarified that the demonstration that they were doing aimed to solicit attention in the achievement of proper negotiations with the merchants and other concerned parties (King). The demonstration is a courageous clamor for the concerned violators to face their victims, in a peaceful and diplomatic way. But in all these, he maintained his conviction that the real issue should be dealt by confronting it peacefully. Therefore, escaping will be in contrast to King's principles. This is also what Socrates has obvious believed as he finds it unrighteous to escape and settle in a safe but far place from Athens. For him, this is not virtuous (Plato). The second argument is that King does not in any way imply that he would resort to a way which is violent and in direct contrast to the law. Unlike demonstration, escaping is a clear violation to the law of the state. And this is not what King stands for. Martin Luther King Jr. saw the need to create tension so as to be liberated from the darkness of prejudice and racism and reach brotherhood and understanding, for the very reason of establishing the state and not to ruin it (King). Socrates has the same attitude, as evidenced by his desire for what is just as he believes that violation of the law will be injustice and doing so will mean a ruin to the very state that they wish to build (Plato). With the two points that I have argued, I will now lay the strong evidence for such points. On the aspect of escaping as a break out or flee rather than a confrontation of the real issue, it is clearer in the letter of Martin Luther King

Impressions of The First Day at a New Job Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Impressions of The First Day at a New Job - Essay Example The receptionist was dressed in a purple suit with purple earrings to fit. I tendered my approved application letter and she directed me to the sales department where I would be working. The receptionist directed me to the fourth floor, which was the sales department. I climbed the stairs to the fourth floor as the company had no elevator. I remember that I saw about twelve persons in the sales department. They were all dressed in black suits with seven females and five males. This gave me the impression that they all had a particular mode of dressing. The office was actually a hall and it was painted with green with about twenty-four rocking chairs and twelve round benches in it. As I got to the office, they were all looking at me like an alien. I felt like the ground should open up and swallow me as the faces were too much on me. However, I summoned courage, walked majestically into the office and asked after the Head of the Sales Department. I was surprised to see that the Head of the Sales Department was some inches shorter than I was. I expected that I would meet a huge man as my boss, but spotting him made me see that there is actually a huge difference between fantasy and reality. The Head of my new department spoke with a thin voice and to ld me to sit down on a black rocking chair which was directly opposite his own. He gave me a description of my job and told me that, they work collectively to achieve the goal of the company. This was actually the way that an organization operates (Jones 18). I was introduced to the other staffs of the Sales Department and my boss told them that, they should accept me as one of them as we shared the same passion and have a common goal. I shook hands with them and exchanged pleasantries with all of them. I settled down fast on that same day and was acquainted with the mode of operation of the sales department.

Crito-King Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Crito-King - Essay Example In the case of Socrates' imprisonment, Plato's loyalty and love were put on trial as he felt the pressure of being ridiculed by others as to what kind of friend he is to Socrates. It is just appropriate to give credit to the concern that Plato has shown over the life of Socrates. The conversation reveals that he fears for Socrates' life, his family especially the education of Socrates' children and most especially he feared losing a good friend (Plato). This revelation as to what Plato really feels about Socrates' is a normal and valid show of love for a friend.On the other hand, Plato revealed that he feared another evil, and that is to be commented as having loved the money more than his friend (Plato). If he would not pay so that Socrates would escape, there will certainly be murmurs as to what he has done or what he has failed to do and for Plato this is another evil that haunts him, perhaps even more compelling than the pure reason of concern (Plato). In the time of adversity, w hen Plato's loyalty was on a test, he somewhat faltered. Another scripture says, "Faithful are the wounds of a friend" (Prov 27.6a). These words can be examined to mean that true friend can withstand seeing his friend suffer a pain if that would be for his good. In this test, Plato did not pass the test because he was not willing to allow Socrates to suffer for what is righteous. By and large, Plato failed to stand the test of a true friendship.I believe King would not try to convince Socrates to escape because the act of escaping is also in contrast to King's conviction. Before we finally seal the argument of King's possible advice to Socrates, it would worthwhile to clear the nature of and the virtue behind the act of escaping. Escaping is an act of turning around from the real issue, something like withdrawal from what one confronts. Escape is different from non-violent resistance as the latter implies direct confrontation of the matter while the former signifies breaking out of what one faces. Certainly, this is not what Martin Luther King personifies. In the "Letter from Birmingham Jail", Martin Luther King clarified that the demonstration that they were doing aimed to solicit attention in the achievement of proper negotiations with the merchants and other concerned parties (King). The demonstration is a courageous clamor for the concerned violators to face their victims, in a peaceful and diplomatic way. But in all these, he maintained his conviction that the real issue should be dealt by confronting it peacefully. Therefore, escaping will be in contrast to King's principles. This is also what Socrates has obvious believed as he finds it unrighteous to escape and settle in a safe but far place from Athens. For him, this is not virtuous (Plato). The second argument is that King does not in any way imply that he would resort to a way which is violent and in direct contrast to the law. Unlike demonstration, escaping is a clear violation to the law of the state. And this is not what King stands for. Martin Luther King Jr. saw the need to create tension so as to be liberated from the darkness of prejudice and racism and reach brotherhood and understanding, for the very reason of establishing the state and not to ruin it (King). Socrates has the same attitude, as evidenced by his desire for what is just as he believes that violation of the law will be injustice and doing so will mean a ruin to the very state that they wish to build (Plato). With the two points that I have argued, I will now lay the strong evidence for such points. On the aspect of escaping as a break out or flee rather than a confrontation of the real issue, it is clearer in the letter of Martin Luther King

Antimony Essay Example for Free

Antimony Essay The ancient Egyptians used it as makeup and today we use it in many ways, â€Å"it† is the element antimony. Discovered by the ancients, this element serves many purposes (it is no longer used as eyeliner, like it was for them), but also has many negative effects on people and the environment. Antimony is a metalloid found in group 15. It is a silvery lustrous rock, and its standard state is a solid. It is a poor conductor of heat and electricity. Antimony has many universal applications that are meant to be beneficial to people. One of its usages is in its form of antimony trioxide, is made into a flame retardant frequently used in toys and seat covers. Of its many functions, antimony is commonly used as an alloy to make other metals stronger. It is primarily alloyed with lead to make it harder. Its alloys are frequently used in batteries and cables. It is also used in some food packaging, usually used as a catalyst in manufacturing polyethylen terephthalate. One can come in contact with antimony in many ways. Antimony is found in the environment, but found in very low levels. The majority of antimony comes from the resources humans use. The antimony used in human products increase the amount of antimony in the natural environment. There is some antimony in soil, but high concentrations of it are found in wastes sites. The most common ways antimony can enter the body is simply consuming it or breathing its dusts in. Also contact with soil with high amounts of antimony can increase unwanted exposure. Since antimony is used to produce some types of food packaging, such as plastic water bottles, consumption is much more likely than breathing it in and touching toxic soil. The use of antimony in the medical field is very scarce considering it has negative side effects. To name a few, some utilizations are, compounds of antimony are used as antiprotozoan drugs and veterinary purposes, tending to be used as a skin conditioner, which is quite ironic considering what antimony is known for doing to skin. Antimony is known for having negative health effects. Antimony as well as its compounds are known to be toxic. If one has too much exposure to antimony it can cause major health impairments. A modest exposure to antimony by breathing it in can have an effect on skin and eyes. A skin condition that one can get by contacting antimony is antimony spots. It is a rash of pustules around sweat glands. Its effect on eye health consists of ocular conjunctivitis. Extreme amounts of antimony exposure can lead to more severe effects on the heart and lungs as well as skin and eyes. And although not proven, antimony and some of its products have been linked to cancer. The only way to prevent any of the bad conditions some antimony product provide, one needs to make sure that one gets as little exposure as possible. It is impossible to steer completely clear of antimony, and it is not necessary, a little exposure will not kill a person, but too much of something is never good.

Research Methodology Chapter: Communication Research

Research Methodology Chapter: Communication Research One communication-related aspect of the engagement debate concerns the fundamental nature of engagement and whether it can be considered an attitude, a psychological or motivational state, or a personality trait. The nature of engagement is a significant issue for corporate communicators since they are well-placed to influence workplace attitudes and stimulate employee motivation. Kahn (1990) presents engagement as a three-component construct influenced by three psychological states. Robinson et al. (2004) define the concept as a positive attitude. Conversely, Saks (2006) argues that engagement is not an attitude but a psychological state, while others (Sparrow and Balain, 2010) believe that engagement is an attitude. Macey and Schneider (2008a) regard engagement as a complex network encompassing trait, state, and behavioural constructs. Kahn (2010) contrasts his conception of dynamic engagement with steady-state (trait) views of motivation. Kahn describes engagement as both delicate and fragile, and quite resilient. So, Kahns view of engagement exhibits a mixture of attitudinal-type states together with more fixed steady-state predisposition traits. This complex state and trait view of engagement is useful for communicators since it highlights a need for employee communication to understand and serve internal stakeholders core (trait) communication needs, as well as surface (state and attitude) communication needs. Moreover, internal communication represents one of the organisational conditions that facilitate engagement. Pugh and Dietz (2008) consider leadership as a precursor of organisation engagement and organisational effectiveness as a consequence. The communication abilities of leadership teams are recognised as important in driving engagement (Wiley et al., 2010). Communication has been identified also as an underlying factor associated with employee engagement (Kahn, 1992). Likewise, MacLeod and Clarke (2009) highlight communication as a critical factor for enhancing performance through employee engagement. They argue that good quality internal communication enhances engagement as they emphasise that employees need clear communication from senior management to understand how their own roles fit with the organisation vision. Unsurprisingly, they cite poor communication as a barrier to engagement and a cause of disengagement. However, contributions from the professionals on communication disciplines are surprisingly meager given that internal communication is an organisational level interventio n which can positively impact employee engagement. Internal communication in any organisation has been stated to have a correlation with employee feeling of self-satisfaction and their productivity (Clampitt and Downs, 1992). High communication effectiveness is linked to better financial performance and organizational stability (Internal communication effectiveness enhances bottom-line results, journal of organizational excellence, Summer 2006, pp 71-71) Van Riel (1998, pp. 8-27) gives an overview of the elements of corporate communication as all the communication within an organisation, such as managerial communication, organisational communication, and marketing communication. This informs the employees willingness to meet the strategic mission, vision, and objectives of the organisation which creates a competitive advantage of the organisation. Research Design This section will discuss the research framework proposed for use in this study. This methodological framework is influenced by the research onion model develop by Saunders (2012) pp 128 which include general information regarding the research design and strategy, method of data collection, measurement of variable and data analysis as well as evaluate the credibility and validity of the study. There would be an examination of merits and demerits of the chosen methods use in this study, a consideration of ethical issues, as a result, the limitations. Research Design Available literature considers basically five different approaches ranging from experimental, case study, longitudinal, cross-sectional to comparative design (Bryman and Bell, 2011; Saunders et al, 2009). In view of the aim of this research, there will be a combination of approaches also known as a mixed method in the investigation of the research theme (Saunders et al, 2009). Also, a set of quantifiable data will be collected to help establish the relationship between two or more variables (Bryman and Bell, 2011). Research Strategy The strategy to be adopted for this research will be quantitative in nature, this is because will be formulation and testing of hypotheses which are tentative suppositions or proposed explanations made based on limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation which on the face of empirical evidence could hold true or false and as such be graduated to be theory or otherwise. According to Saunders et al, (2009) quantitative research is a strategy that lay emphasis on quantification in data collection and analysis that provides solid scientific fact of knowledge on the basis of positivism. Furthermore, Bryman and Bell, (2011) suggested that the application of a quantitative research strategy has the latent for statistical generalization as against qualitative research employed in many social and natural sciences academic disciplines which are more descriptive. This method of approach, therefore, is more useful to achieve the set aims and objectives of this research stated herein. Data Collection There will be the use of both primary and secondary data collection sources to collect appropriate and relevant data that will enable credible, complete and valid conclusions in accordance with the aims and objectives of the research. Primary data will include the conduct of interview of some members of the management team of the case study organisation and a questionnaire of other concerned employees. The use of these two methods is hoped to balance some of the limitations inherent in each. In addition, this research will use the content analysis approach which is a strategy for the review and analysis of relevant secondary documents from Abellio. Data Analysis All data collected for the purpose of this research will be careful analysis and tested against the theories with the aid of IBM SPSS statistical program. IBM SPSS Statistics is an integrated software product that addresses the entire analytical process, from planning to data collection to analysis, reporting, and deployment (Gaskin, J, 2012). It provides a range of statistical procedures suitable for many problems, including crosstabs, linear regression, Monte Carlo simulation, geospatial analytics, and the ability to extend built-in capabilities with Python, R, or Java code (IBM.com). I have opted for IBM SPSS statistical program for its effectiveness in data analysis and presentation quality of custom tables to help users and analysts to interpret data which could then be tested against the theoretical statements that could, in turn, lead to further generalisation statements (Bryman and Bell, 2011). Limitations of Study The following limitations are anticipated: 1. Data collected is based on interviews and questionnaires administered and as such respondents may not give the actual situation for fear that management of reprisal action against them 2. The data collected by the observation technique may be very limited. 3. The case study organisation has a large number of employees consequently, only one hundred of the affected will be sampled through the rank and file. 4. Equally important is the problem of time as the research will only be conducted within given three-month period. Frankenstein | Analysis Frankenstein | Analysis Frankenstein was a man whose ambition led to a disaster; and his actions led to evil. These are outcomes for which he is solely responsible. Is Frankenstein an innocent? In my opinion, he was not an innocent. The meaning of innocent is to free from evil or guilt. The word Frankenstein is defined in the Encarta dictionary as a creator of something that causes ruin or dest ruction, or brings about a personal downfall, this shows that his name was quite well suited. A common quotation is that One is innocent until proved guilty, If this quotation is applied to Victor Frankenstein, he would be innocent, however my argument is that he was not innocent, it was his fault his family suffered, he brought on his own destruction and was responsible for creating a human, which was morally and contextually incorrect; He would be innocent for allowing the murders of William, Justine, Elizabeth and Clerval to take place. It may be true that Frankenstein did not physically murder, however, he is the main cause, and the reason they died. Frankenstein never admitted to his families what he had done; he never took responsibility for his actions. The so called monster murdered for companionship, not to seek revenge from his victims, but to seek revenge from Frankenstein. The circumstances forced Frankensteins monster to do so, Victor was the instigator of these circumstances. My first thought was to discover what I knew of the murderer and cause instant pursuit to be made. But I paused when I reflected on the story I had to tell, this shows that Victor had the knowledge that he was the reason William was dead. He said my first thought, showing the clearness of his knowledge and that this thought had been lingering in his mind, he knew what he was doing. Frankenstein didnt need to know about the murderer, because he indirectly was the murderer, through the circumstances he created for the monster, as I mentioned briefly before. Which is why he paused half way through his thought and realised he was exactly who the murderer was, even though he blamed the creature. Frankensteins reason for creating the creature was his interest in his studies, which led him to the idea of bettering mankind. Victor thought he was doing a service to humanity by creating a new human. A new species would bless me as its creator and source; many happy and excellent natures would owe their being to me. I might in process of time (although I now found it impossible) renew life where death had apparently devoted the body to corruption. This quote shows his ego behind these plans. He wanted to conquer death, something the average human could not do. He wanted this creature to revere him highly by as he was supposedly beautiful and perfect creature. According to him, it may have been acceptable to play the role of god; maybe his being a scientist is why he didnt think of what was morally correct, and he didnt think of how the society would react to his actions. However, having said that, he didnt admit his doings to his family, perhaps he knew they wouldnt accept it, or the deaths in the family could have a higher weightage in terms of being more important than letting his parents know the truth. If they did know the truth, they wouldnt be happy with him creating the creature. The quote does show that right from the start, Victor had an idea of how he would somewhat be stepping into the shoes of a godlike figure, he outlines the fact that he would be superior, and he would have the power to renew the dead. This proves that he had no innocence, or naivety in terms of knowing precisely what he was doing and what it would lead to. I, the miserable and the abandoned, am an abortion, to be spurned at, and kicked, and trampled on. Is what the creature says after being shunned, on the basis of aesthetics. This shows his faults, and how he was wrong to shun the creature. He may have shunned it because he already conquered death, so in his view, he may have already obtained the status of god, or a superior power, something no one had achieved. He didnt think about anything past the ugliness of the creature, or his personal benefits. His selfishness is what ultimately destroyed him and others as well. The creature he created is more like a project to Frankenstein, his aim is to conquer death, and once he has done so, the project is over. Not once does he consider the fact that he has simply given birth to a new human being, with feelings and emotion, a live creature who has to be taught the ways of life as if it is a baby. Frankensteins abandonment of the creature is another factor that proves him guilty, and not an innocent, as shown in the quote I previously mentioned, with the creatures emotions towards being shunned. Its his own fault that the creature comes back saying I may die; but first you, my tyrant and tormentor, shall curse the sun that gazes on your misery. Beware; for I am fearless, and therefore powerful. The creature was deprived of the companionship, which he could only get from his creator. The creature figures that the only way he can get some attention, is by threatening his creator. This could be compared to a situation with a child and a parent. Frankenstein is somewhat the parent of his creature. His job is to nurture him, but because of his own ego, he runs away. If it were a parent and a child, the child would be defenceless because it hasnt even developed physically, however the creature is an example where he is an uneducated child, with a higher physical strength. Frankensteins creature thinks through intuition, as any child who hasnt learnt anything would do. He doesnt know whats right and wrong, so he doesnt know its wrong to threaten; he doesnt know its wrong to kill. Blaming him is like blaming a child for breaking a valuable, such as a vase. You cant blame the child because their knowledge hasnt developed, they havent yet learnt. However in the childs case, after making such a mistake, the child would be taught not to do so again, creating a basis of how it is wrong, this does not take place for the creature. It could be argued that the creature shou ld know through Victors fear, but does a child learn anything when it senses fear? No, it anything, it will only learn to keep intimidating. Frankensteins faults of his creation, or you could say his faults in parenting, were completely his responsibility. Frankensteins creature is described as having dark black hair, yellow skin, black lips and eyes sunk into his sockets (Shelly 56). Its quite ironic that Frankenstein feared his own creation, he is the one who hand-picked the features his so called perfect man would have. For him to say breathless horror and disgust filled my heart(56), towards a creation of his own, just shows his tendency towards aesthetics, and how backward he is in terms of being accepting, yet how forward he is in terms of doing something new. He is responsible for the way the creature turned out. This once more, proves his irresponsibility, and his view to the creation as a project. His attitude towards the creature is why he was incapable of acting the right way. He wasnt serious enough, or perhaps he wasnt ready to face negative consequences, seeing as he was a perfectionist. The background Frankenstein created in terms of nurture is what caused his creature to murder. Victor admitted to creating the monster, but he denied that he drove the monster to commit murder. He wouldnt admit to anyone; not himself, not his family, that he was the one who allowed the murders to take place. He allowed Clerval, his wife Elizabeth, his brother William and Justines death to take place because he didnt take the blame for his actions. If he had admitted to his actions earlier, less deaths would have been caused, if he had been responsible, and given the creature what it needed, he would not be guilty of four murders. In the end, Frankenstein was at loss of everything close to him, he blamed the monster, but it was his fault. He had a faint idea that it was his fault, although no one could possibly be able to admit to murdering the people close to them. The only way he could be innocent, is for not literally taking a knife and stabbing his relatives. However the pain he got from his creature was his own fault. Innocence lies in having no sense of guilt for any action of yours, this, Victor did clearly not have. The creature couldnt stop himself from destroying Victor, because Victor couldnt stop himself from creating the creature. The creature was an innocent; it only reacted to the actions of society. Victor was guilty in every way. Arrhythmogenic Right Venticular Dysplasia | Case Report Arrhythmogenic Right Venticular Dysplasia | Case Report Arrhythmogenic Right Venticular Dysplasia – A Rare case report from tribal zone of Central India Dr. Prakash Khunte, Dr. P. Beck, Dr. K. Yadav ABSTRACT Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD) is under diagnosed cardiomyopathy which commonly presents in young adults with ventricular tachycardia or sudden death. It is characterized pathologically by progressive fibrofatty replacement of the myocardium, primarily of the right ventricular free wall. Clinically, it presents with life-threatening malignant ventricular arrhythmias which may lead to sudden death, most often in young people and athletes. ARVD/C is difficult to diagnose, although standardized diagnostic criteria have been proposed, based on the presence of major and minor criteria encompassing electrocardiographic, arrhythmic, morphofunctional, histopathologic, and genetic factors. Case report A 30 year male patient named Heeralal Diwakar R/o Baloda Bazar (C.G.) was admitted in department of Medicine, Intensive cardiac Coronary Unit at Pt. J. N. M. Medical College Dr .B.R.A.M. Hospital Raipur with the complain of palpitation ,dizziness, dyspnoea on exertion and left sided chest pain, cough with expectorant distension of abdomen since 8 days.patient having severe palpitation and dizziness in recent hours. Patients having similar complain and admitted two time in hospital in last two year and patient had episode of PSVT and had given DC shock and patient on aspirin,amidaron,metoprolol. There is no family history of sudden cardiac death and any heart disease. Patient was former by occupation and having addiction to tobacco and occasionally alcoholic. On admission patient on general examination pulse -100/min regular.blood pressure was 100/70 mmhg, height -161 cm,weight 58 kg,BMI- 22.39,Iteric ,no cyanosis, oedema were present .on systemic examination bilateral crepitatition present in infrascapular area ,apex beat present on 5 th intercosta space on midclavicular lines,s1 soft.s2 present,s3,s4 absent .No thrill ,murmur,parasternal heave were present. On investigation E.C.G. ST segment elevation seen in lead II,III,aVf, ST segment depression in lead I,Avl,Twave inversion in v1-v6, epsilon wave in V1-v3. Troponin card test was positive and patient diagnosed as acute inferior wall Myocardial Infraction with congestive cardiac failure. Other investigation were random blood sugar was 120 mg/dl, urea 90 mg/dl, creatinine 2 mg/dl,s.billirubin 3.7 mg/dl , direct billirubin 2.3 mg/dl,S.G.O.T S.G.P.T were high,alkaline phosphatase 12877 mg/dl ,sodium 130 mg/dl, potassium 4.9 mg/dl.s. protein 7 g/dl,serum albumin 4 gm/dl,s. cholesterol 114 mg/dl, triglyceride 64 mg/dl,LDL 84 MG/DL,VLDL 13 mg/dl,HDL-17 mg/dl. TLC count were 34000/cumm,Hb 14.5 gm/dl, platelet 222000 /cumm X ray chest cardiomegaly was present. On echocardiography Right ventricle dilated ,RV wall thickness 4 mm. Right Atrium dilated, severe non hypertensive TR , Right ventricle thinned out ,normal LV systolic function suggestive of Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia. Patient was advised to continue amiodarone ,aspirin ramipril and has been asymptomatic ever since. DISCUSSION The name arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia(ARVD) was coined for the first time in 1978 by Frankand Fontaine. Arrythmogenic right ventricular (RV) cardiomyopathy (ARVC) is a cardiomyopathy characterized pathologically by fibrofatty replacement primarily of the RV and clinically by life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias in apparently healthy young people. The prevalence of the disease has been estimated at 1 in 5,000 individuals, although this estimate will likely increase as awareness of the condition increases among physicians. Arrythmogenic RV cardiomyopathy is recognized as a cause of sudden death during athletic activity because of its association with ventricular arrhythmias that are provoked by exercise-induced catecholamine discharge. Diagnosis may be difficult because many of the electrocardiographic abnormalities mimic patterns seen in normal children, and the disease often involves only patchy areas of the RV. he prevalence of ARVC in the general population is approximately 1 in 5,000 , but the disease is not widely recognized because of the difficulty in making the diagnosis . A familial predilection of the disease has been recognized since 1982 when Marcus et al. described 24 cases of ARVC, two in the same family. Subsequently, several groups have reported familial ARVC, and families with two or more affected individuals have been recognized in Asian, Japanese, Northern European, African and North American populations . Genectics The disease is typically inherited as an autosomal dominant trait with variable penetrance and incomplete expression. The genes responsible for ARVC have not been identified, but seven loci have been mapped to chromosomes 14 (14q23 to q24 and 14q12 to q22), 1 (1q42 to q43), 2 (2q32.1 to q32.2), 3 (3p23) and 10 (10p12 to p14) . The genetic products of these sites have not been easily identified because of incomplete penetrance and expression, age-related expression and difficulties with accurate diagnosis of the disease. Recently, plakoglobin has been identified as the first gene responsible for autosomal recessive ARVC . The gene was identified in Naxos disease where greater than 90% cosegregation of ARVC with cutaneous manifestations, woolly hair and keratodermia, facilitated case identification. Plakoglobin participates in forming cell-to-cell junctions. It is postulated that inadequate cell adherence damages the cardiac cell membranes leading to cell death and fibrofatty replaceme nt. The cardiac ryanodine receptor gene (RyR2) has also recently been implicated in ARVC and offers potential insight into the association of adrenergically mediated ventricular arrhythmias with this disease. The ryanodine receptor induces calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the cytosol . The cardiac ryanodine receptor has also been identified as being responsible for catecholamine-induced ventricular tachycardia . Its skeletal muscle counterpart has been implicated in malignant hyperthermia and central core disease , a congenital myopathy, but the mechanisms by which mutations in the cardiac ryanodine receptor might mediate fibrofatty myocardial changes are not clear and will likely be the focus of future studies. Despite these advances, genetic analysis for ARVD is not clinically available and is restricted to research laboratories. Histopathology Characteristically, the RV in ARVC is replaced with a fibrofatty tissue. Morphologic alterations of ARVC usually begin in the subepicardium or mediomural layers of the RV and progress to the endocardium with fibrofatty replacement of myocytes and thinning of the wall. The regions of RV most frequently involved are the RV inflow area, the apex and the infundibulum. These three areas form â€Å"the triangle of dysplasia† . However, small amounts of fat are present in the epicardial layer and within the RV myocardium in normal subjects. Etiology In addition to a genetic cause of ARVC, disontogenetic, degenerative, infectious or inflammatory ( apoptotic and myocyte transdifferentiation theories have been proposed either as the cause of or as environmental factors facilitating gene expression. The disontogenetic theory is largely historical but suggests that ARVC is a milder form of â€Å"parchment RV† or Uhl’s anomaly a congenital hypoplasia of the RV myocardium, which presents in infancy as congestive heart failure (CHF) . The degenerative theory suggests that ARVC is a consequence of myocyte death due to an inherited metabolic or ultrastructural defect. A possible defect has been mapped to chromosome l4q23 to q24 . This area encodes for the alpha actinin gene, which shares structural homology with the amino terminal domain of dystrophin. This finding supports the concept of a genetically determined atrophy similar to that in patients with Duchenne’s or Becker’s muscular dystrophy. Some have suggested that ARVC should be considered as a â€Å"myocardial dystrophy† Furthermore, skeletal muscle involvement has been reported in a Swedish family with ARVC, and the defect has been tentatively localized to chromosome 10q22.3 The infectious or inflammatory theory maintains that the disease results from previous myocarditis. Inflammatory infiltrates are common in histologic specimens from patients with ARVC ECG The ECG in patients with ARVD/C usuallyshows sinus rhythm, QRS duration 110 ms in lead V1, a terminal deà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ection within or at the end of the QRS complex (called epsilon wave) in leads V1–V3 (30% of patients), and inversion of T waves in the right precordial leads (50%–70% of patients). Complete right bundle branch block is found in approximately 15% of patients and incomplete right bundle branch block in 18% of patients with ARVD/C. In the presence of right bundle branch block pattern, selective prolongation of the QRS duration in leads V1–V3 compared with lead V6 (25 ms, parietal block) is an important hallmark of ARVD/C. . Additional ECG markers have been reported, such as the ratio of QRS duration in leads V1V2V3 vs V4V5V6 >1.2 and a prolonged S wave upstroke in V1–V3 >55 ms in the absence of right bundle branch block. Arrhythmia Left bundle branch block type VT on ECG, Holter monitoring, or during exercise testing Extrasystoles of more than 200 over a 24-h period. Echocardiography mild to Severe dilatation and reduction of right ventricular ejection fraction with no (or only mild) left ventricular impairment Localised right ventricular aneurysms (akinetic or dyskinetic areas with diastolic bulging) Severe segmental dilatation of the right ventricle. Radioisotope techniques Radionuclide angiography, by showing abnormal right ventricular function with left ventricular involvement, is usefulfor predicting subsequent cardiac death in ARVD/C.Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy allows noninvasive assessment of right ventricular damage in patients with arrhythmias due to ARVD/C This technique may distinguish patients with ARVD/C from those with idiopathic right ventricular outà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ow tract tachycardias Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging This modality allows visualization of the right ventricle, not only anatomically and morphologically but also in functional and à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ow dynamic terms. Functional ab normalities consist of right ventricular aneurysms, regional thinning, right ventricular dilation, failure of systolic thickening, and impaired global and diastolic right ventricularfunction. Clinical presentation The clinical presentation varies widely because ARVD/C includes a spectrum of different conditions rather than a single identity. Different pathologic processes may manifest a diversity of symptoms, such as fatigue, atypical chest pain, syncope, or acute coronary syndrome .ARVD/C is a disease that may have a temporal progression, and the disease may present differently according to the time of presentation There may be (1) a symptomatic form with transient or sustained ventricular tachycardia of left bundle branch block configuration, although right bundle branch block configuration also can be observed; (2) an asymptomatic form consisting of ventricular ectopic beats (1,000/24 hours); (3) right ventricular failure with or without arrhyth mias; and (4) a masked form in which sudden death, usuallyduring exercise, is the first clinical presentation. Overall, judging the accurate position of the patient on the time scale of the spectrum is difficult, and some patients may remain stable for several decades. Diagnosis A definite diagnosis of ARVD/C is based on histologic demonstration of transmural fibrofatty replacement of right ventricular myocardium at either autopsy or surgery. In 1994, McKenna et al established the criteria for diagnosing ARVD/C in a Task Force report on ARVD/C Criteria for Diagnosis of ARVD/C 1. Family history Major Familial disease confirmed at necropsy or surgery. Minor Family history of premature sudden death (,35 years of age) due to  suspected ARVD/C. Family history (clinical diagnosis based on present criteria). 2. ECG depolarization/conduction abnormalities Major Epsilon waves or localized prolongation (.110 ms) of QRS complex in  right precordial leads (V1–V3). Minor Late potentials on signal-averaged ECG. 3. ECG repolarization abnormalities Minor Inverted T waves in right precordial leads (V2 and V3) in people. 12  years of age and in absence of right bundle branch block. 4. Arrhythmias Minor Sustained or nonsustained left bundle branch block–type ventricular  tachycardia documented on ECG or Holter monitoring or during  exercise testing. Frequent ventricular extrasystoles (.1000/24 h on Holter monitoring). 5. Global or regional dysfunction and structural alterations* Major Severe dilatation and reduction of RV ejection fraction with no or mild  LV involvement. Localized RV aneurysms (akinetic or dyskinetic areas with diastolic  bulgings). Severe segmental dilatation of RV.   Minor Mild global RV dilatation or ejection fraction reduction with normal LV. Mild segmental dilatation of RV. Regional RV hypokinesia. 6. Tissue characteristics of walls Major Fibrofatty replacement of myocardium on endomyocardial biopsy. *Detected by echocardiography, angiography, magnetic resonance imaging,  or radionuclide scintigraphy. Modified from McKenna et al. Therapy Because clinical findings that predict long-term outcomeof patients with ARVD/C are incompletely known, no precise guidelines exist to select patients who should be treated with b-blockers, antiarrhythmic drugs, or a Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. r. Management of patients with ARVD/C is individualized, and strategies are based on local experience of the different centers. References Siddiq I. Khalil), Amjad Kamal, Shakeel Ahmad Department of Medicine and Cardiology, Almana General Hospital, PO Box 10366,Jubail 31961, Saudi Arabia. Eur J Echocardiography (2004) 5, 394e398. Carol Gemayel, MD*; Antonio Pelliccia, MD† ; Paul D Thompson, MD J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;38(7):1773-1781.doi:10.1016/S0735-1097(01)01654-0. Cristina Basso, Domenico Corrado, Frank I Marcus, Andrea Nava, Gaetano Thiene Lancet 2009; 373: 1289–1300 University of Padua Medical School, Padua, Italy. Philippine Kià ¨s, MD, Marianne Bootsma, MD, PhD, Jeroen Bax, MD, PhD,  Martin J. Schalij, MD, PhD, Ernst E. van der Wall, MD, PhD Heart Rhythm, Vol 3, No 2, February 2006,Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands. Domenico Corrado, Guy Fontaine, Frank I. Marcus, William J. McKenna, Andrea Nava, Gaetano Thiene and Thomas Wichter, Circulation. 2000;101:e101-e106, doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.101.11.e101 Frank R, Fontaine G. Electrocardiologie de quatre cas de dysplasia ventriculaire droite arythmogene. Arch Mal Coeur Vaiss 1978;71:963–972. Rampazzo A, Nova A, Malacrida S, Beffagua G, Bauce B, Rossi V, et al. Mutation in human desmoplakin domain binding to plakoglobin causes a dominant form of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia. Am J Hum Genet 2002;71(5):1200e6 Bauce B, Rampazzo A, Basso C, Bagattin A, Daliento L, Tiso N, et al. Screening of ryanodine receptor type 2 mutations in families with effort induced polymorphic ventricular rhythmias and sudden death: early diagnosis of asymptomatic carrier. JACC 2002;40(2):341e9.